An intelligent grasper to provide real-time force feedback to shorten the learning curve in laparoscopic training

BMC Medical Education

Table 4 Statistical results between different groups in all the tasks

	Group A₁: Novices without feedback	Group B₁: Novices with feedback	Group C: Experienced without feedback	A₁-B₁	B₁-C	A₁-C
Task 1
Peak force	3.686	0.979	0.731	< 0.001	0.001	< 0.001
Standard deviation of force	0.468	0.112	0.096	< 0.001	0.264	< 0.001
Task 2
Peak force	4.749	1.876	1.203	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Standard deviation of force	0.839	0.242	0.132	0.005	< 0.001	< 0.001
Task 3
Peak force	4.114	1.315	0.938	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Standard deviation of force	0.698	0.161	0.113	< 0.001	0.002	< 0.001

ISSN: 1472-6920