Table 3 Current trends of continuing education for pharmacists in HIC and LMICs

Current trends of continuing education for pharmacists in HIC

United States of America (USA) [15, 26, 27, 30, 33, 41, 42].

CPE has been mandatory since 1965, and most provinces have shifted to CPD since 2002.

Australia [15, 28].

CPD has been mandatory since 2010.

Canada [15, 39]

CPD has been mandatory in some provinces since 2005.

United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia [15, 20, 25]

CPD mandatory, UAE = 2014, Saudi Arabia = 2016 and Kuwait = non-mandatory 2020.

United Kingdom (UK) [32, 37]

CPD mandatory since 2005.

Northern Ireland [37]

CPD mandatory from 01 June 2021.

Current trends of continuing education for pharmacists in LMICs

Nigeria [23]

CPD program launched in 2008.

India [24]

CE was introduced in 1948. Mandatory CPD since 2016.

Egypt [15, 22]

CPD has been mandatory since 2017, while some regions still have voluntary CPE.

Lebanon [31, 38]

Mandatory CPD since 2014.

Ghana [43]

Mandatory since 2013, but no CPD model.

Pakistan, Malaysia, & Trinidad and Tobago [43]

Non-mandatory CPD since 2010.