Fig. 1

Study design. Baseline measures were recorded in the beginning of the year. Student characteristics included age, gender, country of origin, ethnicity, educational background (discipline and level of education), languages and admission test scores from standardized exams. Pharmacology baseline knowledge was assessed through a pre-test. Outcome measures recorded at the end of the academic year included performance in Year 1 examinations, in basic and clinical sciences, and pharmacology knowledge (post-test). Focus groups, interviews and a survey were used to obtain further insight into the student learning experience