Table 3 The multiple analysis of variance for evaluating the impact of factors on the total score of scales

Gender (female vs. male)

2.51

< 0.001

0.92

0.003

1.31

< 0.001

0.41

0.075

Ethnicity (others vs. Fars)

−0.61

0.092

−0.81

0.017

Family burden (More children vs. single)

4.84

< 0.001

1.44

0.018

0.84

0.135

High school field (experimental Sciences vs. mathematics)

−1.42

0.105

0.45

0.150

Pre university field (experimental Sciences vs. mathematics)

3.23

0.055

High school Type (others vs. federal)

−3.64

0.019

−1.82

0.021

Pre university Type (others vs. federal)

4.32

0.008

2.07

0.012

Presence in communication skills courses (yes vs. no)

1.96

0.004

2.12

< 0.001

0.50

0.123

Self-report from communication skills (good vs excellent)

−1.25

0.314

Self-report from communication skills (medium vs excellent)

−2.55

0.047

Self-report from communication skills (poor vs excellent)

−3.70

0.017

Need to further learning (yes vs. no)

4.33

< 0.001

1.37

0.001

Mother’s education (high school vs. middle school)

0.39

0.299

Mother’s education (academic vs. middle school)

0.71

0.052