Table 1 All outcome variables before (T₁) and after (T₂) the intervention

Primary outcomes

Burnout: Exhaustion

(α = 0.87, n^a = 135)

Intervention group #1: Onsite intervention

2.27

(2.08–2.47)

2.07

(1.89–2.26)

-0.21

(-0.33– -0.08)

0.18

(-0.24–0.59)

Intervention group #2: Online intervention

2.12

(1.95–2.28)

2.07

(1.90–2.24)

-0.05

(-0.l6–0.06)

0.16

(-0.25–0.56)

Control group

1.92

(1.72–2.13)

1.91

(1.67–2.14)

0.01

(-0.18–0.20)

–

Burnout: Mental distance

(α = 0.57, n^a = 134)

Intervention group #1: Onsite intervention

1.52

(1.37–1.66)

1.40

(1.24–1.56)

-0.12

(-0.22– -0.02)

-0.11

(-0.43–0.22)

Intervention group #2: Online intervention

1.29

(1.22–1.36)

1.32

(1.21–1.43)

0.04

(-0.05 − 0.12)

-0.18

(-0.50–0.13)

Control group

1.45

(1.23–1.67)

1.48

(1.24–1.72)

0.02

(-0.13–0.16)

–

Burnout: Emotional impairment

(α = 0.70, n^a = 136)

Intervention group #1: Onsite intervention

1.38

(1.25–1.51)

1.30

(1.20–1.40)

-0.09

(-0.18– -0.01)

-0.03

(-0.30–0.24)

Intervention group #2: Online intervention

1.33

(1.21–1.45)

1.31

(1.20–1.43)

-0.01

(-0.09–0.07)

-0.02

(-0.28–0.25)

Control group

1.26

(1.12–1.39)

1.36

(1.17–1.55)

0.11

(-0.02–0.24)

–

Burnout: Cognitive impairment

(α = 0.87, n^a = 136)

Intervention group #1: Onsite intervention

1.92

(1.69–2.14)

1.81

(1.59–2.03)

-0.11

(-0.27–0.04)

0.15

(-0.32–0.62)

Intervention group #2: Online intervention

1.72

(1.57 − 1.87)

1.80

(1.61–1.99)

0.09

(-0.05–0.23)

0.15

(-0.31–0.60)

Control group

1.59

(1.37 − 1.82)

1.68

(1.42–1.95)

0.08

(-0.15–0.31)

–

Secondary outcomes

Life satisfaction

(α = 0.88, n^a = 136)

Intervention group #1: Onsite intervention

5.10

(4.73–5.46)

5.33

(4.96–5.70)

0.23

(-0.01–0.46)

-0.44

(-1.18–0.30)

Intervention group #2: Online intervention

5.52

(5.23–5.81)

5.75

(5.48–6.03)

0.23

(0.02–0.44)

-0.08

(-0.82–0.65)

Control group

5.60

(5.18–6.02)

5.58

(4.99–6.16)

-0.02

(-0.38–0.33)

–

Stress

(α = 0.86, n^a = 133)

Intervention group #1: Onsite intervention

2.09

(1.90–2.28)

1.89

(1.73–2.04)

-0.21

(-0.31– -0.10)

0.20

(-0.15–0.55)

Intervention group #2: Online intervention

1.95

(1.81–2.09)

1.95

(1.80–2.10)

0.00

(-0.09–0.10)

0.27

(-0.08–0.61)

Control group

1.85

(1.59–2.11)

1.80

(1.54–2.05)

-0.06

(-0.22–0.10)

–

Knowledge about help resources

(α = 0.74, n^a = 77)

Intervention group #1: Onsite intervention

0.44

(0.38–0.51)

0.58

(0.51–0.65)

0.14

(0.07–0.21)

0.09

(-0.06–0.24)

Intervention group #2: Online intervention

0.42

(0.36–0.48)

0.55

(0.48–0.62)

0.13

(0.07–0.19)

0.06

(-0.09–0.21)

Control group

0.51

(0.42–0.60)

0.51

(0.43–0.60)

-0.01

(-0.10–0.09)

–