Table 3 Proficiency levels of the WHO-ASPHER competency framework.

1. Novice Novices have little or no knowledge/ability or no previous experience of the competency described and need close supervision or instruction.

2. Advanced beginner Advanced beginners have some knowledge of the competency described, but there are gaps in their knowledge, and they would not be able to apply that knowledge in a sustained way to complete a work task.

3. Competent Competent persons can troubleshoot problems on their own and when supported by experts may begin to figure out how to solve novel problems. Competent persons would have an adequate level of competence to undertake work tasks in this area, albeit under the supervision of a more experienced professional.

4. Proficient Proficient persons deal with complex situations holistically. They will be able to take full responsibility for own work and coach others. Proficient persons have detailed knowledge and would feel confident to undertake work tasks in this area, without supervision.

5. Expert Experts are the primary sources of knowledge and information in any field. They holistically grasp complex situations and move between intuitive and analytical approaches with ease. Experts will have a great deal of expertise in the particular competency and others may come to them for advice.