Table 2 Thematic analysis results of strategies used to address IP in identified studies

Individual strategies

Record Keeping

Journaling and reflecting (positive feedback, achievements, imposter thoughts)

[27, 35, 41, 46]

Recognising strengths

[37, 39]

Cognitive reframing

Developing growth mindset, positive thinking, and engagement, challenging negative thinking patterns, story telling

[48, 37, 38, 44, 49]

Self-awareness, mindfulness, self-compassion

[48, 39, 45, 35, 44, 43, 49]

Improvisation techniques, visualising success, rewarding self-accomplishments, embracing confidence

[27, 47,48,49]

Support communities

Building a community for safe spaces for expression, group therapy, experiential workshops

[34, 36, 44]

Seeking peer and mentor / supervisory support, building small networks

[37, 39, 35, 41, 43, 40, 47]

Seeking structured supervision

Coaching for personal growth managing fear of failure

[41, 38, 49, 40]

Exploring family of origin patterns in supervision

[27, 34, 45]

Building personal skills

Strategic communication practices, time management, procrastination prevention, recognising stuck points

[39,40,41, 44]

Peer strategies

Acknowledgement

Understanding of IP in others with emphasis on empathy, community, and connection; allowing vulnerability

[36, 40, 41, 43]

Breaking the silence

Challenging perfectionism and implicit bias; Celebrating peers' success, cultivating positive culture

[43, 47, 48]

Institutional Strategies

Creating awareness

Normalising IP feelings, exploring negative/ positive effects of IP

[44, 45, 49]

Acknowledging the role of IP in institutional processes

[40, 45]

Using CIPS – as a tool to guide conversation

[37, 49]

Education on IP

Training supervisors, collaborative supervision, mentorship

[35, 42, 45, 47]

Organisational support for coaching

[38, 49]

Delivery of workshops, provide terminology and tools in existing curriculum

[36, 37, 39, 40, 43,44,45,46,47,48]

Addressing systemic biases, gender equality, diversity & inclusion

[40, 47]