Table 1 Overview of the TBL steps

1. Pre-Assignment

Independent completion of preparatory work before class session

2. iRAT

An individual quiz to assess understanding and learning of the pre-class material

3. tRAT

The same quiz taken by teams to facilitate discussion and ensure team preparedness

4. Appication Exercise

Collaborative problem-solving exercises that apply course concepts

5. Peer Review

Feed-back provided by students on their peers’ contribution to team activities