Table 5 Benefits of self-care education

Student-Level

Improved ability to cope with negative emotions (e.g., stress, anxiety)

[55, 67, 71, 100, 119, 122,123,124, 138, 165, 166, 174, 180]

[49, 59, 126, 177]

Improvement in psychological symptoms

• Anxiety

• Stress

• Distress

• Hostility

• Exhaustion

• Sleep quality

• Self-esteem

• Burnout

• Improved relaxation

[2, 3, 5, 6, 55, 56, 60, 65, 69,70,71,72,73, 76, 80, 81, 83, 84, 86, 88, 90,91,92,93,94,95, 98,99,100,101, 110, 111, 114, 115, 117, 118, 128,129,130,131,132, 135, 136, 140, 143, 154, 157, 159, 161, 166, 169, 170, 174, 177,178,179,180, 184, 185, 187, 188, 190, 194]

Decrease in inappropriate coping mechanisms (e.g., drug, alcohol use)

[2, 3, 5, 6, 69, 71, 80, 81, 86, 88, 90, 93, 99, 101, 116, 131, 132, 136, 140, 143, 154, 158, 159, 165, 169, 170, 174, 184, 185]

Decrease in mental health crises (e.g., suicide)

[2, 3, 5, 6, 69, 71, 80, 81, 86, 88, 90, 93, 99, 101, 131, 132, 136, 140, 143, 154, 159, 169, 170, 174]

Improvement in physical health (e.g., nutrition, balanced diet)

[72, 125, 146, 149]

Improvement in values and skills

• Increased reflection ability

• Increased self-regulation

• Increased self-compassion

• Increased empathy

• Increased spirituality

• Increased mindfulness/mediation

[59, 67, 86, 93, 119, 122, 129, 132, 136, 138, 172, 182, 187, 188, 193]

Improvement in professional practice and academics

• Increased study engagement

• More positive study experience

• Academic result

• Increased ability to counsel patients on positive behavioural change, complementary and alternative medicine

• Ethical conduct

• Decrease dropout rates

[3, 6, 54, 55, 67,68,69, 75, 88, 94, 111, 122, 129, 146, 157, 182, 183, 187]

Improvement in wellbeing

• Improved quality of life

• Increased community support

[6, 67, 73, 117, 118, 123, 125, 130, 167,168,169, 179, 187, 190]

Creating a sense of community

[118,119,120, 172]

Increased knowledge of mental health and help-seeking behaviour

[54, 71, 159, 168]

Patient-Level

Improvements in

• Patient safety

• Quality of care

• Patient satisfaction

[2, 4,5,6, 93, 94, 96, 130, 137, 167, 177, 180]