Table 2 Topics and interventions

Mindfulness

1. Mindful breathing

2. Mindful meditation

3. Mindful awareness

4. Mindful eating

5. Managing reactivity

6. Reflective listening

7. Mapping out feelings

8. Journaling

9. Mindful yoga

10. Grateful thinking

11. Muscle relaxation

12. Staying present

13. Understanding stress

14. Informal mindfulness practices

15. Components of cognitive behavioural therapy

16. Importance and influence of families

17. Developing skills in mindfulness

18. Body scan

[2, 4, 5, 12, 58,59,60,61, 63,64,65,66, 68, 79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128]

Mind body skills

1. Autogenic training

2. Biofeedback

3. Journal writing

4. Meditation

5. Deep breathing

6. Yoga

7. Reflections

8. Skills practice

9. Guided imagery

[3, 6, 54, 56, 67, 129,130,131,132,133,134,135]

Stress management

1. Mindful breathing

2. Mindful meditation

3. Muscle relaxation

4. Mindful awareness

5. Mindfulness based strategies

6. Guided imagery

7. Nutrition

8. Coping skills

9. Balancing life and school

10. Positive psychology

11. Support resources/content

12. Role of competition with colleagues

13. Role of conflicts with medical patients/professionals

14. Test taking skills

15. Time management

16. Assertiveness skills

[53, 69,70,71, 136,137,138,139,140,141,142]

Wellness

1. Mindful breathing

2. Muscle relaxation

3. Guided imagery

4. Nutrition

5. Coping skills

6. Positive psychology

7. Meditation

8. Time management

9. Emotional intelligence

10. Self-reflection

11. Improve wellbeing and mindfulness

12. Stressors and coping methods

[4, 96, 143,144,145,146,147,148]

Health enhancement program

1. Raise awareness of process and underpinning of stress

2. Raise awareness of process and underpinning of negative emotions

3. Raise awareness of process and underpinning of poor performance

4. Foster awareness

5. Foster conscious choice

6. Foster empathy

7. Foster behavioural change strategies

[73]

Lifestyle intervention

1. Individual reflective practices

2. Behavioural change strategies

a. Physical activity

b. Nutrition

c. Sleep

[72,73,74,75, 149,150,151,152,153]

Self-development groups

1. Enhancing self-esteem

2. Identifying patterns of relationship that restricted full capacity

[154]

Visual art course

1. Strengthen observation skills

2. Recognisation and examining uncertainty

3. Recognising and examining cognitive biases

4. Promoting self-awareness

5. Expand their scope of vision

6. Strengthening capacity to tolerate ambiguity

[155,156,157,158]

Online mental health education

1. Skills for independent living

2. Academic life strategies and relationships

3. Stress management skills

4. Treatment and help seeking

[159, 160]

MAP train my brain

1. Meditation

2. Aerobic exercises

[161]

Mentorship programme

1. Provide holistic support to students

[7, 40, 162,163,164]

Cognitive behavioural therapy

1. Awareness of stress and its coping ways

2. Self-awareness

3. Physical methods for coping with stress

4. Exam preparation and time management

5. Training interpersonal relation skills

[55, 109, 165, 166]

Mental health program/ Psychoeducation

1. Reducing stigma associated with mental health disease

2. Discussion of current self-care practices

3. Resource book containing problem specific mental health services

[167, 168]

Unified protocol for the treatment of emotional disorders (UP)

1. Functional nature of emotions

2. Mindful emotional awareness strategies

3. Cognitive flexibility

4. Emotional avoidance and alternatives

[92]

Promoting resilience in medicine (PRIMe)

1. Meditation

2. Biofeedback

3. Visual art

4. Journal writing

[131]

Improving mental health through curricula changes

1. Pass fail system

2. Reduced contact hours across first 2 years

3. Longitudinal electives

[58, 169]

Peer support programs

1. Peer-led support of juniors in crises

2. Peer mentoring

3. Peer-led wellness initiatives

[59, 77, 170,171,172]

BEACCHES Orientation program

1. Panel discussion about clinician experiences of burnout and self-care

2. Educational strategies used to include exposure to novel scenarios, simulations, cultural narratives ad small group problem solving

3. Experimental clinical experience for remote beach setting

4. Indigenous culture

[173]

Mask-making exercise

1. Mask making session

[76]

DEAL model

1. Detection of stressors

2. Evaluation of stressors

3. Action toward stressors

4. Learning from stressors through self-reflection

[174]

REACH Curriculum

1. Mindfulness based training

2. Personal sharing by instructors

[175]

College student mental health education course (CSMHEC)

1. Basic theories in psychology

2. Self-awareness

3. Coping strategies to combat common mental problems

[176]

Computer assisted learning for the mind (CALM)

1. Evidence based self-help website

[78]

Vulnerability in Medicine Program (ViM)

1. Use of medical humanities

2. Recognise vulnerability in themselves

3. Reflect on their development as clinicians

4. Understand the personhood of their patients

5. Explore the therapeutic relationships

[177]

Mindfulness Based Art Workshop (MBAW)

1. Mindfulness,

2. Internal exploration,

3. Art activities

[178]

Mindfulness and Compassion Based Inter-Care Intervention

1. Cultivating inter-care resources

2. Recognising care needs for owenself, others and the community

3. Training on compassion communication skills

4. Reflection on one’s own value

5. Purpose and planning mutual care resources

[179]

Group psychological training on public health emergency response (PHER)

1. Environmental adaptation, teamwork, communication and stress relief during a public health emergency

2. Progressive relaxation training

3. Mental health education

[166]

Yoga

1. Physical and mental exercises to practice mind, body and spiritual connection

[180, 181]

“SeRenE”- Stoic Refection for Resilience and Empathy.

1. Offers a way to process the negative feelings one experiences whilst maintaining human connection

2. Predicint misfortune

3. Examining judgements

4. Developing empathetic reserves

5. Evening reflection

[182]

Balint groups

1. Consist of trained facilitator and medical students meeting to discuss mental health matters outside the clinic environment

2. Encourages thoughtful discussion and reflection on clinical encounters

[183]

Transforming Stress Program (TSP)

1. Use of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Didactical Behavioural Therapy models

2. Recognise their stress mindset, immediate thoughts, emotions and behaviours

3. Regulate emotions and make personal plans to cope with stress

[184]

Active Resilience Training (ART)

1. Defining resilience

2. Emotional resilience

3. Cognitive resilience

4. Physical resilience

5. Spiritual resilience

6. Practicing resilience

[185]

Counselling

1. Aimed at bringing out the best attributes of the individual leaner

2. Academic and life guidance

[186]

Transcendental mediation

1. 6 in person lectures reviewing of studies on the TM program

2. Practicing the transcendental technique

3. Personal reflective essay

[187]

Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)

1. Guided group meditation

2. Real world assignments for practicing compassionate thought actions

[188]