Fig. 3

Evaluation and comparison of teaching quality: (a) The assessment of knowledge acquisition revealed that the 3DMMI-assisted CBL group attained notably higher scores in both imaging interpretation and theoretical knowledge (p < 0.05*, p < 0.01**). (b-c) The findings from anonymous questionnaires completed by postgraduates indicated that those in the 3DMMI-assisted CBL group exhibited higher scores in several aspects, except for the interest in orthopedics and teaching attitudes of faculty instructors (p < 0.05*, p < 0.01**). (d) The results of instructor self-evaluation demonstrated that teaching with 3DMMI techniques was perceived as less challenging by the instructors. Additionally, they reported higher levels of satisfaction and interest in the 3DMMI-assisted tutorial (p < 0.05*, p < 0.01**)