Table 2 Standardized Factor Loadings and Intercepts of the 6 Patient Safety Competencies of the H-PEPSS based on the CSCF (N = 449)

C1 Working in teams with other health professionals

 5. Team dynamics and authority/power differences

0.500 [0.405, 0.596]

3.962

 7. Debriefing and supporting team members after an adverse event or close call

0.468 [0.375, 0.561]

4.165

 8. Engaging patients as a central participant in the health care team

0.399 [0.296, 0.503]

4.695

 9. Sharing authority, leadership, and decision making

0.587 [0.492, 0.682]

3.955

 10. Encouraging team members to speak up, question, challenge, advocate, and be accountable as appropriate to address safety issues

0.634 [0.550, 0.719]

4.009

C2 Communicating effectively

 11. Enhancing patient safety through clear and consistent communication with patients

0.667 [0.597, 0.737]

4.543

 12. Enhancing patient safety through effective communication with other health care providers

0.705 [0.630, 0.781]

4.423

 13. Effective verbal and nonverbal communication abilities to prevent adverse events

0.721 [0.644, 0.797]

4.241

C3 Managing safety risks

 14. Recognizing routine situations and settings in which safety problems may arise

0.574 [0.478, 0.669]

3.927

 15. Identifying and implementing safety solutions

0.651 [0.559, 0.742]

3.998

 16. Anticipating and managing high risk situations

0.672 [0.588, 0.756]

3.579

C4 Understanding human and environmental factors

 17. The role of human factors such as fatigue, competence that effect patient safety

0.576 [0.485, 0.667]

3.969

 18. Safe application of health technology

0.410 [0.315, 0.504]

4.065

 19. The role of environmental factors, such as work flow, ergonomics, resources, that effect patient safety

0.627 [0.536, 0.718]

3.964

C5 Recognizing and responding to reduce harm

 20. Recognizing an adverse event or close call

0.591 [0.513, 0.669]

4.087

 21. Reducing harm by addressing immediate risks for patients and others involved

0.639 [0.563, 0.715]

4.143

 22. Disclosing the adverse event to the patient

0.514 [0.426, 0.601]

3.557

 23. Participating in timely event analysis, reflective practice, and planning in order to prevent recurrence

0.602 [0.521, 0.682]

4.087

C6 Culture of safety

 24. The ways in which health care is complex and has many vulnerabilities (e.g., workplace design, staffing, technology, human limitations)

0.524 [0.439, 0.608]

3.982

 25. The importance of having a questioning attitude and speaking up when you see things that may be unsafe

0.429 [0.326, 0.533]

4.096

 26. The importance of a supportive environment that encourages patients and providers to speak up when they have safety concerns

0.528 [0.442, 0.613]

4.091

 27. The nature of systems (e.g., aspects of the organization, management, or the work environment, including policies, resources, communication, and other processes) and system failures and their role in adverse events

0.611 [0.525, 0.696]

3.470