Table 3 Factors influencing students’ perceptions of research and their likelihood of pursuing an academic career

Medical School has well educated the individual about research

 Completed an academic degree

Yes

1.274 [1.068 – 1.520]

0.007

0.06

1.040 [0.850 – 1.273]

0.7

5.60

No

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Ethnicity

Other ethnic group

0.683 [0.469 – 0.996]

0.048

0.38

0.825 [0.536 – 1.270]

0.382

3.06

White

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Per first degree relative who has been a healthcare professional

1.088 [1.012 – 1.169]

0.022

0.18

1.100 [1.014 – 1.193]

0.021

0.17

 Area where they undertook most of their pre-university education

Outside the EU

0.588 [0.463 – 0.748]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

0.566 [0.423 – 0.757]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

UK

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Research compulsory part of a degree

Yes

2.092 [1.649 – 2.654]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

2.014 [1.572 -2.581]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

No

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

Has undertaken research to date

 Year of medical school

3

2.001 (1.493 – 2.681)

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

2.001 [1.476 – 2.713]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

4

2.421 (1.794 – 3.269)

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

1.887 [1.377 – 2.585]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

5

3.153 (2.288 – 4.343)

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

2.284 [1.609 – 3.242]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

1

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Type of degree

Post-graduate

1.689 [1.289 – 2.213]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

1.060 [0.769 – 1.462]

0.721

5.77

Undergraduate

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Completed an academic degree

Yes

2.948 [2.447 – 3.551]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

3.161 [2.500 – 3.997]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

No

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Ethnicity

Other ethnic group

1.648 [1.114 – 2.437]

0.012

0.10

1.822 [1.190 – 2.790]

0.006

0.05

White

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Per first degree relative who has been a healthcare professional

1.088 [1.011 – 1.172]

0.025

0.20

1.044 [0.963 – 1.131]

0.296

2.37

 Area where they undertook most of their pre-university education

EU

1.695 [1.128 – 2.549]

0.011

0.09

2.334 [1.484 – 3.669]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

Outside the EU

1.512 [1.182 – 1.934]

0.001

0.01

1.813 [1.354 – 2.428]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

UK

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Adequacy of medical school’s contribution to participants' knowledge of research

Neither adequate nor inadequate

1.676 [1.124 – 2.500]

0.011

0.09

1.940 [1.258 – 2.993]

0.003

0.02

Somewhat adequate

2.449 [1.678 – 3.574]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

2.787 [1.853 – 4.191]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

Extremely adequate

5.059 [3.234 – 7.914]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

5.822 [3.576 – 9.479]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

Extremely inadequate

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

Finds research useful in combination with medical studies

 Year of medical school

2

0.682 [0.517 – 0.899]

0.007

0.06

0.708 [0.535 – 0.936]

0.015

0.12

3

0.545 [0.414 – 0.718]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

0.530 [0.399 – 0.702]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

4

0.563 [0.426 – 0.744]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

0.529 [0.397 – 0.703]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

5

0.610 [0.451 – 0.825]

0.001

0.01

0.561 [0.410 – 0.768]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

1

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Area where they undertook most of their pre-university education

EU

1.978 [1.326 – 2.951]

0.001

0.01

1.760 [1.143 – 2.710]

0.01

0.08

Outside the EU

1.320 [1.034 – 1.684]

0.026

0.21

1.268 [0.981 – 1.637]

0.069

0.55

UK

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Adequacy of medical school’s contribution to participants' knowledge of research

Extremely adequate

1.718 [1.106 – 2.670]

0.016

0.13

1.659 [1.032 – 2.667]

0.037

0.30

Extremely inadequate

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Research undertaken to date

A moderate amount

1.593 [1.235 – 2.053]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

1.564 [1.180 – 2.073]

0.002

0.02

A lot

2.356 [1.570 – 3.537]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

1.911 [1.229 – 2.973]

0.004

0.03

A great deal

5.116 [2.708 – 9.664]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

3.768 [1.837 – 7.730]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

None at all

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

Finds combining research with medical studies difficult

 Year of medical school

2

0.754 [0.564 – 1.007]

0.056

0.45

0.836 [0.620 – 1.127]

0.239

1.91

3

0.675 [0.505 – 0.903]

0.008

0.06

0.797 [0.589 – 1.079]

0.142

1.14

4

0.674 [0.502 – 0.906]

0.009

0.07

0.759 [0.554 – 1.040]

0.087

0.70

5

0.730 [0.529 – 1.006]

0.054

0.43

0.878 [0.621 – 1.242]

0.462

3.70

1

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Type of degree

Post-graduate

0.654 [0.495 – 0.862]

0.003

0.02

0.713 [0.517 – 0.984]

0.04

0.32

Undergraduate

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Completed an academic degree

Yes

0.808 [0.671 – 0.973]

0.024

0.19

0.767 [0.607 – 0.969]

0.026

0.21

No

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Gender

Female

0.718 [0.592 – 0.870]

0.001

0.01

0.700 [0.570 – 0.859]

0.001

0.01

Non-binary/ third gender

0.278 [0.115 – 0.675]

0.005

0.04

0.250 [0.096 – 0.651]

0.005

0.04

Male

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Adequacy of medical school’s contribution to participants' knowledge of research

Neither adequate nor inadequate

2.159 [1.420 – 3.284]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

1.937 [1.235 – 3.036]

0.004

0.03

Somewhat adequate

2.388 [1.606 – 3.550]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

2.082 [1.362 – 3.184]

0.001

0.01

Extremely adequate

6.050 [3.797 – 9.639]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

4.767 [2.885 – 7.878]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

Extremely inadequate

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Research undertaken to date

A moderate amount

1.695 [1.289 – 2.230]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

1.442 [1.053 – 1.974]

0.022

0.18

A lot

2.185 [1.410 – 3.385]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

1.607 [0.987 – 2.615]

0.056

0.45

None at all

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Usefulness of research with medical studies

Moderately useful

2.476 [1.497 – 4.094]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

2.308 [1.302 – 4.090]

0.004

0.03

Very useful

2.696 [1.622 – 4.480]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

2.552 [1.433 – 4.543]

0.001

0.01

Extremely useful

3.435 [1.983 – 5.952]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

2.873 [1.544 – 5.346]

0.001

0.01

Not at all useful

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

Wants to pursue an academic career

 Year of medical school

2

0.811 [0.620 – 1.062]

0.128

1.02

1.096 [0.772 – 1.556]

0.609

4.87

3

0.629 [0.481 – 0.822]

0.001

0.01

0.854 [0.612 – 1.193]

0.355

2.84

4

0.770 [0.586 – 1.012]

0.061

0.49

1.045 [0.745 – 1.465]

0.8

6.40

5

0.599 [0.444 – 0.808]

0.001

0.01

0.727 [0.508 – 1.041]

0.082

0.66

1

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Ethnicity

Asian/Asian British

1.349 [1.121 – 1.624]

0.002

0.02

1.308 [1.022 – 1.675]

0.033

0.26

White

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Eligible for free meals at school

Yes

1.306 [1.011 – 1.688]

0.041

0.33

1.353 [0.982 – 1.864]

0.065

0.52

No

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Area where they undertook most of their pre-university education

EU

1.860 [1.244 – 2.782]

0.003

0.02

1.609 [0.976 – 2.653]

0.062

0.50

Outside the EU

1.335 [1.054 – 1.692]

0.017

0.14

1.097 [0.807 – 1.491]

0.554

4.43

UK

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Research compulsory part of a degree

Yes

0.758 [0.600 – 0.959]

0.021

0.17

0.744 [0.574 – 0.964]

0.025

0.20

No

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Research undertaken to date

A moderate amount

1.436 [1.119 – 1.844]

0.004

0.03

1.246 [0.988 – 1.570]

0.063

0.50

A lot

2.722 [1.801 – 4.114]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

2.091 [1.368 – 3.196]

0.001

0.01

A great deal

5.287 [2.827 – 9.887]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

2.596 [1.280 – 5.267]

0.008

0.06

None at all

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Usefulness of research with medical studies

Slightly useful

2.367 [1.438 – 3.896]

0.001

 < 0.01

2.121 [1.142 – 3.940]

0.017

0.14

Moderately useful

9.927 [6.021 – 16.368]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

3.934 [2.136 – 7.244]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

Very useful

9.927 [6.021 – 16.368]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

9.266 [4.979 -17.244]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

Extremely useful

37.736 [21.853 – 65.164]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

30.202 [15.3–5 – 59.600]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

Not at all useful

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Difficulty of combining research with medical studies

Somewhat difficult

1.274 [1.005 – 1.615]

0.046

0.37

1.303 [0.961 – 1.766]

0.089

0.71

Extremely easy

3.539 [1.485 – 8.435]

0.004

0.03

1.464 [0.558 – 3.840]

0.438

3.50

Extremely difficult

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

Wants to pursue an academic training pathway

 Year of medical school

2

0.764 [0.585 – 0.998]

0.048

0.38

0.907 [0.688 – 1.198]

0.492

3.94

3

0.573 [0.438 – 0.749]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

0.687 [0.518 – 0.911]

0.009

0.07

4

0.689 [0.523 – 0.907]

0.008

 < 0.01

0.848 [0.635 – 1.134]

0.267

2.14

5

0.393 [0.289 – 0.533]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

0.454 [0.329 – 0.627]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

1

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Type of degree

Post-graduate

1.370 [1.056 – 1.778]

0.018

0.14

1.384 [1.045 – 1.833]

0.023

0.18

Undergraduate

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Ethnicity

Asian/Asian British

1.312 [1.091 – 1.578]

0.004

0.03

1.296 [1.046 – 1.604]

0.018

0.14

White

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Area where they undertook most of their pre-university education

EU

2.167 [1.457 – 3.221]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

1.608 [1.031 – 2.508]

0.036

0.29

Outside the EU

1.289 [1.015 – 1.635]

0.037

0.30

1.114 [0.848 – 1.464]

0.437

3.50

UK

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Research undertaken to date

A moderate amount

1.378 [1.075 – 1.767]

0.012

0.10

1.339 [1.008 – 1.778]

0.044

0.35

A lot

2.636 [1.732 – 4.012]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

2.365 [1.485 – 3.766]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

A great deal

5.648 [2.925 -10.903]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

4.185 [1.899 – 9.223]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

None at all

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Usefulness of research with medical studies

Slightly useful

2.012 [1.239 – 3.269]

0.005

0.04

1.957 [1.145 – 3.347]

0.014

0.11

Moderately useful

3.408 [2.113 – 5.498]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

2.984 [1.755 – 5.074]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

Very useful

6.493 [3.996 – 10.550]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

5.463 [3.186 – 9.367]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

Extremely useful

20.916 [12.328 – 35.486]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

14.624 [8.158 – 26.214]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

Not at all useful

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Difficulty of combining research with medical studies

Somewhat difficult

1.464 [1.153 – 1.860]

0.002

0.02

1.372 [1.058 – 1.779]

0.017

0.14

Neither easy nor difficult

1.470 [1.113 – 1.941]

0.007

0.06

1.287 [0.950 – 1.744]

0.103

0.82

Somewhat easy

1.941 [1.339 – 2.813]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

1.099 [0.734 – 1.646]

0.646

5.17

Extremely easy

4.121 [1.678 – 10.119]

0.002

0.02

2.290 [0.886 – 5.918]

0.087

0.70

Extremely difficult

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

Interested in undertaking more research in the future

 Year of medical school

2

0.851 [0.645 – 1.123]

0.255

2.04

1.188 [0.821 – 1.720]

0.361

2.89

3

0.703 [0.534 – 0.927]

0.012

0.10

0.998 [0.699 – 1.426]

0.993

7.94

4

1.084 [0.821 – 1.433]

0.569

4.55

1.776 [1.229 – 2.566]

0.002

0.02

5

0.948 [0.699 – 1.284]

0.728

5.82

1.236 [0.835 – 1.828]

0.29

2.32

1

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Completed an academic degree

Yes

1.317 [1.105 – 1.570]

0.002

0.02

1.194 [0.945 – 1.508]

0.138

1.10

No

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Gender

Female

1.215 [1.014 – 1.457]

0.035

0.28

1.345 [1.068 – 1.694]

0.012

0.10

No

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

Per first degree relative who has been in academia

0.939 [0.889 – 0.992]

0.025

0.20

0.912 [0.850 – 0.979]

0.011

0.09

 Area where they undertook most of their pre-university education

EU

2.562 [1.687 – 3.892]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

2.132 [1.258 – 3.614]

0.005

0.04

Outside the EU

1.499 [1.174 – 1.913]

0.001

0.01

1.276 [0.943 – 1.727]

0.114

0.91

UK

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Research compulsory part of a degree

Yes

0.687 [0.538 – 0.876]

0.002

0.02

0.638 [0.480 – 0.848]

0.002

0.02

No

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Adequacy of medical school’s contribution to participants' knowledge of research

Somewhat inadequate

0.672 [0.455 – 0.992]

0.046

0.37

0.780 [0.462 – 1.315]

0.35

2.80

Neither adequate nor inadequate

0.516 [0.346 – 0.771]

0.001

0.01

0.660 [0.386 – 1.128]

0.129

1.03

Somewhat adequate

0.645 [0.441 – 0.943]

0.024

0.19

0.677 [0.409 -1.120]

0.129

1.03

Extremely inadequate

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Research undertaken to date

A moderate amount

1.337 [1.037 – 1.723]

0.025

0.20

1.168 [0.912 – 1.497]

0.219

1.75

A lot

1.521 [1.002 – 2.309]

0.049

0.39

0.994 [0.636 – 1.555]

0.98

7.84

A great deal

2.904 [1.511 – 5.583]

0.001

0.01

1.292 [0.580 – 2.877]

0.531

4.25

None at all

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Usefulness of research with medical studies

Slightly useful

4.408 [2.644 – 7.349]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

3.805 [1.995 – 7.258]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

Moderately useful

10.817 [6.497 – 18.011]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

8.600 [4.532 – 16.318]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

Very useful

30.852 [18.266 – 52.108]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

23.871 [12.377 – 46.039]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

Extremely useful

127.233

[70.382 – 230.005]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

88.214 [41.962 – 185.448]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

Not at all useful

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

Feels there are barriers preventing them from getting involved in research

 Year of medical school

2

1.292 [0.946 – 1.764]

0.107

0.86

1.697 [1.093 – 2.636]

0.018

0.14

3

1.600 [1.176 – 2.177]

0.003

0.02

1.984 [1.299 – 3.028]

0.002

0.02

4

1.795 [1.308 – 2.463]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

2.432 [1.580 – 3.743]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

5

1.978 [1.406 – 2.781]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

2.776 [1.764 – 4.369]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

1

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Gender

Female

1.926 [1.567 – 2.366]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

1.968 [1.496 – 2.590]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

Male

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Per first degree relative who has been a healthcare professional

0.845 [0.773 – 0.923]

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.902 [0.788 – 1.031]

0.13

1.04

 Per first degree relative who has been in academia

0.890 [0.832 – 0.951]

0.001

0.01

0.928 [0.839 – 1.026]

0.145

1.16

 Per first degree relative who has held an academic position in the healthcare environment

0.851 [0.768 – 0.944]

0.002

0.02

0.896 [0.767 – 1.048]

0.17

1.36

 Research compulsory part of a degree

Yes

0.716 [0.550 – 0.931]

0.013

0.10

0.723 [0.526 – 0.993]

0.045

0.36

No

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Adequacy of medical school’s contribution to participants' knowledge of research

Neither adequate nor inadequate

0.344 [0.219 – 0.539]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

0.567 [0.301 – 1.068]

0.079

0.63

Somewhat adequate

0.304 [0.198 – 0.465]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

0.394 [0.217 – 0.718]

0.002

0.02

Extremely adequate

0.164 [0.098 – 0.274]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

0.314 [0.156 – 0.630]

0.001

0.01

 Extremely inadequate

Reference

-

-

-

-

-

 Research undertaken to date

A moderate amount

0.427

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

0.674 [0.507 – 0.898]

0.007

0.06

A lot

0.436

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

0.904 [0.545 – 1.499]

0.695

5.56

None at all

Reference

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-

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Difficulty of combining research with medical studies

Somewhat difficult

0.356 [0.266 – 0.476]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

0.389 [0.268 – 0.565]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

Neither easy nor difficult

0.190 [0.135 – 0.268]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

0.239 [0.151 – 0.377]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

Somewhat easy

0.093 [0.057 – 0.153]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

0.134 [0.072 – 0.248]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

Extremely easy

0.118 [0.042 – 0.332]

 < 0.001

 < 0.01

0.118 [0.031 – 0.450]

0.002

0.02

Extremely difficult

Reference

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-

-

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