Table 1 Characteristics of selected 12 studies included in the systematic review
From: Effectiveness of virtual reality in nursing education: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Author (year) | country | Type of participant | Number of participants | Interventions | Outcomes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | E | C | E | C | ||||
José Miguel Padilha (2019) | Portuguese | nursing students | 42 | 21 | 21 | VR | traditional education | Learningsatisfaction;Knowledge;Self-efficacy perception |
Hanna Lee (2022) | South Korea. | fourth-year students across nursing colleges | 60 | 30 | 30 | VR | traditional education | Self-efficacy; clinical reasoning capacity; learning satisfaction; Knowledge |
Khaild AL-MugheedI (2022) | North Cyprus | nursing students | 122 | 63 | 59 | VR + online education | traditional education | Knowledge; Attitude |
Mi Yu (2021) | Korea | nursing students | 50 | 25 | 25 | VR | routine education | knowledge ; self-effycacy ; learning satisfaction |
Hsiang-Ying Chan (2020) | China | nursing students | 77 | 38 | 39 | VR | education documents | Knowledge; Attitude |
Ae-Ri Jung (2022) | Korea | nursing students | 60 | 30 | 30 | virtual reality (VR) nursing education program (VRP) | traditional nursing education program (VRP) | Knowledge;Attitude;Satisfaction;Motivation |
PingWang (2020) | China | nursing students | 125 | 62 | 63 | Immer VR | Non-immer VR | Knowledge ;Practical skills, reasoning ability |
Tianxiang Yuan (2019) | China | nursing students | 116 | 58 | 58 | “flipped classroom” teaching model based on virtual reality animation micro course | traditional education | Knowledge ;Practical skills |
Nan Cao (2021) | China | nursing students | 90 | 45 | 45 | VR | traditional education | Knowledge ; Practical skills, Critical thinking; clinical communication skills |
Liping Li (2017) | China | nursing students | 100 | 50 | 50 | VR | traditional education | Knowledge ;Practical skills |
Xiaoyan Wang (2023) | China | nursing students | 245 | 123 | 122 | VR | traditional education | Self-directed learning skills; critical thinking |
Hongmei Zhao (2022) | China | nursing students | 80 | 40 | 40 | VR | traditional education | Knowledge;Self-directed learning skills;critical thinking |