Table 6 Implicit bias – approach to education

Not specified

(n=3)

• Teal et al. conceptual framework[41]

• Not clearly stated[43, 44]

• Face to face[41, 43, 44]

• Single session[43]

• Multiple sessions[41, 44]

• Implicit association test (IAT)[43]

• Community service[44]

• Use of media (videos/recordings)[41]

• Role play exercises[41]

• Brainstorming exercises[41]

• Group work[41, 44]

• Readings[44]

• Reflection[41, 43, 44]

Age bias

(n=1)

• Not clearly stated[45]

• Remote/Online[45]

• Multiple sessions[45]

• Implicit association test (IAT)[45]

• Readings[45]

• Group work[45]

• Reflection[45]

Racial bias

(n=4)

• Active learning/Experiential learning[38]

• Not clearly stated[39, 40, 45]

• Face to face[38]

• Remote/Online[45]

• Flipped classroom[39, 40]

• Single session[39, 40]

• Multiple sessions[38, 45]

• Implicit association test (IAT)[39, 40, 45]

• Readings[38,39,40, 45]

• Use of media (videos/recordings)[39]

• Group work[38,39,40, 45]

• Reflection[38, 45]

• Social identity mapping[38]

• Photovoice[38]

• Fishbowl technique[38]

Sex/Sex role bias

(n=1)

Not clearly stated[45]

Remote/Online[45]

Multiple sessions[45]

• Implicit association test (IAT)[45]

• Readings[45]

• Group work[45]

• Reflection[44]

Socio-economic status bias

(n=1)

Not clearly stated[45]

Remote/Online[45]

Multiple sessions[45]

• Implicit association test (IAT)[45]

• Readings[45]

• Group work[45]

• Reflection[45]

Weight bias

(n=2)

• Not clearly stated[42, 45]

• Face to face[42]

• Remote/Online[45]

• Single session[42]

• Multiple sessions[45]

• Case-based learning[42]

• Implicit association test (IAT)[45]

• Dramatic reading of a play[42]

• Readings[45]

• Group work[45]

• Reflections[45]

Substance abuse bias

(n=1)

• Not clearly stated[45]

• Remote/Online[45]

• Multiple sessions[45]

• Implicit association test (IAT)[45]

• Readings[45]

• Group Work[45]

• Reflection[45]

Disability bias

(n=1)

• Not clearly stated[45]

• Remote/Online[45]

• Multiple sessions[45]

• Implicit association test (IAT)[45]

• Readings[45]

• Group work[45]

• Reflection[45]

Mental health bias

(n=1)

• Not clearly stated[45]

• Remote/ Online[45]

• Multiple sessions[45]

• Implicit association test (IAT)[45]

• Readings[45]

• Group work[45]

• Reflection[45]

Religion bias

(n=1)

• Not clearly stated[40]

• Flipped classroom[40]

• Single session[40]

• Implicit association test (IAT)[40]

• Readings[40]

• Group Discussion[40]