Table 4 Cognitive bias - approach to education

Anchoring bias

(n=2 papers)

• Not clearly stated[34, 36]

• Face to face (lecture/ tutorial)[34, 36]

• Simulation[36]

• Single session[34, 36]

• Case-based learning[36]

• Mnemonics[34]

• Debiasing technique (not clearly stated)[34]

Availability bias

(n=4 papers)

• Croskerry’s model for teaching Cognitive Forcing Strategies[18]

• Not clearly stated[34, 36, 37]

• Face to face (lecture/ tutorial)[18, 34, 37]

• Simulation[36]

Single session• [18, 34, 36, 37]

• Case-based learning[36, 37]

• Clinical placement[18]

• Mnemonics[34]

• Debiasing technique (not clearly stated)[18, 34]

Confirmation bias

(n=3 papers)

• Not clearly stated[34, 36, 37]

• Face to face (lecture/ tutorial)[34, 37]

• Simulation[36]

• Single session[34, 36, 37]

• Case-based learning[36, 37]

• Mnemonics[34]

• Debiasing technique (not clearly stated)[34]

Framing effect

(n=1 paper)

• Not clearly stated[36]

• Simulation[36]

• Single session[36]

• Case-based learning[36]

Premature closure

(n=2 papers)

• Not clearly stated[35, 36]

• Face to face (lecture/ tutorial)[35]

• Simulation[36]

• Single session[35, 36]

• Case-based learning[36]

• Mnemonics[35]

Representativeness heuristic

(n=1 paper)

• Not clearly stated[37]

• Face to face (lecture/ tutorial)[37]

• Single session[37]

• Case-based learning[37]

Self-satisficing

(n=3 papers)

• Croskerry’s model for teaching Cognitive Forcing Strategies[18]

• Not clearly stated[34, 36]

• Face to face (lecture/ tutorial)[18, 34, 36]

• Single session[18, 34, 36]

• Case-based learning[36]

• Mnemonics[34]

• Clinical placement[18]

• Debiasing technique (not clearly stated)[18, 34]