Table 1 Possible reasons for academic failure and its associations
Possible reasons for academic failure | Research that showed negative associations. Implying that students are less likely to experience academic failure due to the reasons | Research that showed positive associations. Implying that students are more likely to experience academic failure due to the reasons | |
|---|---|---|---|
Student backgrounds | Age | Arulampalam et al., 2004 | Â |
Gender | Arulampalam et al., 2007; Noor, Khan, & Ghazanfar, 2020 | Arulampalam et al., 2004; Stetto et al., 2004; *Ford et al., 2008; *Mcloughlin, 2009 | |
Pre-university academic performance | Arulampalam et al., 2004; Yates & James, 2007 | Â | |
Social class | Arulampalam et al., 2007 | *Mcloughlin, 2009 | |
Ethnicity | Â | Yates & James, 2007; *Ford et al., 2008; *Mcloughlin, 2009 | |
Live outside the campus (accommodation) | Â | Arulampalam et al., 2004; *Mcloughlin, 2009 | |
Learners’ issues (e.g., attitude, learning method, health problem, stress or life stressors, interpersonal problem, substance abuse and learning disability) |  | *Ford et al., 2008; *Mcloughlin, 2009; Evans, Alstead, & Brown, 2010; *Hays, Lawson, & Gray, 2011; Tabby, Majeed, & Schwartzman, 2011; Yates, 2011; Steinert, 2013; Andyryka et al., 2014; *Patel et al., 2015a; *Patel et al., 2015b; Ahmady, Khajeali, Sharifi, & Mirmoghtadaei, 2019; *Ratnapalan & Jarvis, 2020; *Kiran & Javaid, 2020; Ajjawi et al., 2020 | |
Teachers’ issues (e.g., personal biases and reluctance to explore student issues) |  | Evans et al., 2010; Steinert, 2013; Ahmady, Khajeali, Sharifi, & Mirmoghtadaei, 2019; Ajjawi et al., 2020 | |
Institutions’ issues (e.g., types of curricula) | Burch et al., 2007 | Iputo & Kwizera, 2005; Ahmady, Khajeali, Sharifi, & Mirmoghtadaei, 2019; *Kiran & Javaid, 2020; Ajjawi et al., 2020 | |