The effectiveness of teaching complementary and alternative medicine based on the components of theory of planned behavior on nutrition students: multicenter research study

Table 4 Mean ± SD^a four constructs (knowledge, attitude, behavioral intention, and behavior) scores between the pairwise comparisons^b of the attitude^c.

	Adequacy of CAM ¹
Constructs	YES ( n = 61)	NO ( n = 101)	*Sig*	*t-value*
Knowledge	20.28 ± 8.83	19.84 ± 7.72	0.741	-0.331
Attitude	30.57 ± 8.84	37.37 ± 7.20	< 0.001	5.071
Behavioral Intention	17.33 ± 6.85	21.26 ± 6.39	< 0.001	3.692
Behavior	15.10 ± 5.53	17.41 ± 4.75	0.005	2.815
	Use of therapeutic methods of CAM ²
	YES ( n = 86)	NO ( n = 76)	*Sig*	*t-value*
Knowledge	21.16 ± 8.15	18.70 ± 7.96	0.054	-1.942
Attitude	37.81 ± 6.42	31.41 ± 9.29	< 0.001	-5.043
Behavioral Intention	21.92 ± 6.13	17.36 ± 6.78	< 0.001	-4.499
Behavior	18.52 ± 4.31	14.29 ± 5.16	< 0.001	-5.694
	Suggest of therapeutic methods of CAM ³
	YES ( n = 64)	NO ( n = 98)	*Sig*	*t-value*
Knowledge	22.31 ± 8.63	18.50 ± 7.46	0.003	-2.988
Attitude	39.73 ± 5.85	31.59 ± 8.44	< 0.001	-7.254
Behavioral Intention	24.19 ± 5.34	16.90 ± 6.12	< 0.001	-7.791
Behavior	19.53 ± 4.10	14.58 ± 4.87	< 0.001	-6.737
	Recommend of therapeutic methods of CAM ⁴
	YES ( n = 110)	NO ( n = 51)	*Sig*	*t-value*
Knowledge	21.44 ± 8.55	16.92 ± 6.28	0.001	-3.371
Attitude	38.73 ± 5.44	26.37 ± 7.85	< 0.001	-10.169
Behavioral Intention	22.59 ± 5.57	13.78 ± 5.26	< 0.001	-9.498
Behavior	18.73 ± 4.12	11.92 ± 3.98	< 0.001	-9.845

^aIndependent t-test analyzed the differences (Mean ± SD) of four constructs (knowledge, attitude, behavioral intention, and behavior) scores between the pairwise comparisons of the attitude construct
^bPairwise comparisons generally are methods for comparing entities in pairs to judge which of each entity is preferred or has a greater amount of some quantitative property, or whether or not the two entities are identical
^c Two-level queries of attitude such as 1) Are two credits of the CAM course adequate for teaching students? 2) Have you ever used CAM modalities for yourself? 3) Have you ever recommended CAM modalities to others? 4) If a CAM specialist recommends one of the modalities, would you use it?

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