Measuring grit, self-efficacy, curiosity, and intolerance of uncertainty in first-generation college and first-generation osteopathic medical students

Jones, DeWitt; McCalla, Monet; Beverly, Elizabeth A.

doi:10.1186/s12909-023-04181-9

Table 4 Summary of Hierarchical Regression Analyses Examining the Associations among Sociodemographic Characteristics and First-Generation Statuses with Grit, Self-Efficacy, Curiosity and Exploration, and Intolerance of Uncertainty (n = 387)

From: Measuring grit, self-efficacy, curiosity, and intolerance of uncertainty in first-generation college and first-generation osteopathic medical students

	Dependent Variable
Independent Variables ^‡	Step 1 ^a				Step 2 ^b				Step 3 ^c
*Model 1: Grit*	B	SE	t	p	B	SE	t	p	B	SE	t	p
Age	-0.008	0.008	-0.927	0.354	0.002	0.009	0.257	0.797	0.002	0.009	0.179	0.858
Gender	-0.128	0.049	-2.623	0.009	-0.138	0.048	-2.860	0.004	-0.141	0.048	-2.919	0.004
Asian	-0.252	0.135	-1.869	0.062	-0.251	0.134	-1.874	0.062	-0.264	0.134	-1.964	0.050
Black/African American	0.399	0.147	2.721	0.007	0.384	0.146	2.633	0.009	0.385	0.147	2.622	0.009
White	0.151	0.110	1.375	0.170	0.156	0.110	1.421	0.156	0.150	0.110	1.364	0.173
Hispanic/Latino	0.067	0.130	0.516	0.606	0.030	0.130	0.228	0.819	0.042	0.130	0.325	0.746
Year 1					0.122	0.053	2.304	0.022	0.123	0.053	2.309	0.021
Year 4					-0.128	0.078	-1.652	0.099	-0.121	0.078	-1.550	0.122
First-generation college									-0.044	0.061	-0.714	0.476
Physicians in family									0.033	0.058	0.566	0.572
Physician parents									-0.103	0.077	-1.351	0.178
*Model 1a: Consistency*	B	SE	t	p	B	SE	t	p	B	SE	t	p
Age	-0.024	0.011	-2.121	0.035	-0.016	0.012	-1.313	0.190	-0.018	0.012	-1.440	0.151
Gender	-0.158	0.066	-2.380	0.018	-0.165	0.066	-2.488	0.013	-0.170	0.066	-2.571	0.011
Asian	-0.332	0.183	-1.809	0.071	-0.344	0.184	-1.869	0.062	-0.372	0.184	-2.021	0.044
Black/African American	0.563	0.200	2.818	0.005	0.537	0.201	2.676	0.008	0.526	0.201	2.616	0.009
White	0.176	0.150	1.171	0.242	0.167	0.151	1.105	0.270	0.158	0.151	1.048	0.295
Hispanic/Latino	-0.157	0.178	-0.887	0.376	-0.194	0.178	-1.089	0.277	-0.173	0.178	-0.969	0.333
Year 1					0.059	0.073	0.816	0.415	0.056	0.073	0.776	0.438
Year 4					-0.163	0.107	-1.528	0.127	-0.153	0.107	-1.428	0.154
First-generation college									-0.033	0.084	-0.389	0.698
Physicians in family									0.088	0.080	1.108	0.269
Physician parents									-0.249	0.105	-2.379	0.018
*Model 1b: Perseverance*	B	SE	t	p	B	SE	t	p	B	SE	t	p
Age	0.009	0.009	0.938	0.349	0.021	0.010	2.106	0.036	0.021	0.010	2.110	0.036
Gender	-0.098	0.054	-1.811	0.071	-0.111	0.053	-2.088	0.037	-0.112	0.053	-2.104	0.036
Asian	-0.171	0.149	-1.151	0.250	-0.158	0.147	-1.070	0.285	-0.156	0.148	-1.055	0.292
Black/African American	0.235	0.162	1.448	0.148	0.232	0.161	1.443	0.150	0.244	0.162	1.509	0.132
White	0.127	0.122	1.044	0.297	0.145	0.121	1.202	0.230	0.142	0.121	1.173	0.241
Hispanic/Latino	0.292	00.144	2.026	0.043	0.253	0.143	1.774	0.077	0.257	0.144	1.791	0.074
Year 1					0.184	0.058	3.165	0.002	0.189	0.059	3.225	0.001
Year 4					-0.094	0.086	-1.094	0.275	-0.090	0.086	-1.040	0.299
First-generation college									-0.055	0.067	-0.813	0.417
Physicians in family									-0.022	0.064	-0.348	0.728
Physician parents									0.042	0.084	0.502	0.616
*Model 2: Self-Efficacy*	B	SE	t	p	B	SE	t	p	B	SE	t	p
Age	0.029	0.079	0.367	0.714	0.033	0.085	0.387	0.699	0.036	0.085	0.424	0.672
Gender	1.177	0.459	2.563	0.011	1.173	0.462	2.541	0.011	1.190	0.464	2.566	0.011
Asian	-2.581	1.250	-2.064	0.040	-2.581	1.260	-2.048	0.041	-2.523	1.268	-1.990	0.047
Black/African American	1.002	1.378	0.727	0.467	0.998	1.390	0.718	0.473	0.969	1.401	0.692	0.489
White	0.227	1.014	0.224	0.823	0.228	1.025	0.223	0.824	0.263	1.029	0.255	0.799
Hispanic/Latino	-1.397	1.226	-1.140	0.255	-1.412	1.236	-1.142	0.254	-1.480	1.245	-1.189	0.235
Year 1					0.040	0.507	0.079	0.937	0.025	0.510	0.049	0.961
Year 4					-0.058	0.748	-0.078	0.938	-0.096	0.753	-0.127	0.899
First-generation college									0.360	0.589	0.611	0.541
Physicians in family									-0.030	0.557	-0.054	0.957
Physician parents									0.345	0.733	0.470	0.639
*Model 3: CEI*	B	SE	t	p	B	SE	t	p	B	SE	t	p
Age	0-0.084	0.095	-0.889	0.375	-0.052	0.101	-0.515	0.607	-0.053	0.102	-0.525	0.600
Gender	-0.128	0.551	-0.232	0.816	-0.146	0.553	-0.263	0.792	-0.139	0.555	-0.250	0.803
Asian	2.781	1.523	1.826	0.069	2.661	1.532	1.737	0.083	2.662	1.539	1.729	0.085
Black/African American	-1.253	1.659	-0.755	0.451	-1.438	1.671	-0.860	0.390	-1.558	1.681	-0.926	0.355
White	1.126	1.246	0.904	0.367	1.014	1.256	0.808	0.420	1.070	1.260	0.849	0.397
Hispanic/Latino	-1.824	1.473	-1.238	0.217	-2.000	1.483	-1.348	0.178	-2.016	1.491	-1.352	0.177
Year 1					0.003	0.605	0.004	0.997	-0.057	0.608	-0.094	0.925
Year 4					-0.981	0.896	-1.095	0.274	-1.000	0.901	-1.110	0.268
First-generation college									0.672	0.703	0.955	0.340
Physicians in family									0.567	0.666	0.852	0.395
Physician parents									-0.687	0.877	-0.784	0.434
*Model 3a: Exploration*	B	SE	t	p	B	SE	t	p	B	SE	t	p
Age	-0.019	0.059	-0.316	0.752	-0.014	0.063	-0.218	0.827	-0.015	0.063	-0.238	0.812
Gender	-0.206	0.342	-0.601	0.548	-0.213	0.344	-0.619	0.536	-0.224	0.345	-0.651	0.516
Asian	2.068	0.946	2.187	0.029	2.091	0.953	2.195	0.029	2.084	0.957	2.178	0.030
Black/African American	-0.843	1.030	-0.819	0.413	-0.825	1.039	-0.794	0.428	-0.837	1.045	-0.801	0.424
White	1.163	0.774	1.503	0.134	1.187	0.781	1.520	0.129	1.217	0.783	1.554	0.121
Hispanic/Latino	-0.966	0.915	-1.055	0.292	-0.973	0.923	-1.055	0.292	-0.921	0.927	-0.994	0.321
Year 1					0.130	0.376	0.345	0.731	0.102	0.378	0.271	0.786
Year 4					0.041	0.558	0.073	0.942	0.067	0.560	0.119	0.905
First-generation college									0.185	0.437	0.424	0.672
Physicians in family									0.594	0.414	1.433	0.153
Physician parents									-0.637	0.545	-1.170	0.243
*Model 3b: Absorption*	B	SE	t	p	B	SE	t	p	B	SE	t	p
Age	-0.066	0.056	-1.170	0.243	-0.038	0.060	-0.642	0.521	-0.038	0.060	-0.639	0.523
Gender	0.078	0.326	0.238	0.812	0.067	0.326	0.206	0.837	0.086	0.328	0.262	0.794
Asian	0.713	0.901	0.791	0.430	0.570	0.903	0.631	0.529	0.578	0.908	0.636	0.525
Black/African American	-0.409	0.982	-0.417	0.677	-0.613	0.985	-0.622	0.535	-0.721	0.992	-0.726	0.468
White	-0.037	0.737	-0.050	0.960	-0.173	0.741	-0.233	0.816	-0.148	0.744	-0.199	0.842
Hispanic/Latino	-0.858	0.872	-0.984	0.326	-1.026	0.875	-1.173	0.242	-1.094	0.880	-1.244	0.214
Year 1					-0.127	0.357	-0.356	0.722	-0.160	0.359	-0.445	0.656
Year 4					-1.022	0.529	-1.933	0.054	-1.067	0.532	-2.006	0.046
First-generation college									0.487	0.415	1.173	0.242
Physicians in family									-0.026	0.393	-0.067	0.947
Physician parents									-0.050	0.517	-0.097	0.923
*Model 4: IUS*	B	SE	t	p	B	SE	t	p	B	SE	t	p
Age	-0.394	0.146	-2.698	0.007	-0.453	0.156	-2.896	0.004	-0.470	0.155	-3.025	0.003
Gender	-0.899	0.850	-1.058	0.291	-0.808	0.851	-0.950	0.343	-0.761	0.846	-0.900	0.369
Asian	4.727	2.345	2.016	0.045	4.448	2.354	1.889	0.060	4.036	2.344	1.722	0.086
Black/African American	-2.756	2.578	-1.069	0.286	-3.034	2.592	-1.171	0.243	-3.540	2.583	-1.371	0.171
White	-2.805	1.918	-1.462	0.145	-3.106	1.931	-1.609	0.109	-3.349	1.920	-1.745	0.082
Hispanic/Latino	0.284	2.269	0.125	0.900	0.375	2.280	0.164	0.869	0.165	2.272	0.073	0.942
Year 1					-1.566	0.933	-1.677	0.094	-1.570	0.929	-1.690	0.092
Year 4					-0.522	1.378	-0.379	0.705	-0.674	1.373	-0.491	0.624
First-generation college									0.184	1.073	0.171	0.864
Physicians in family									-2.171	1.015	-2.138	0.033
Physician parents									-0.669	1.335	-0.501	0.617
*Model 4a: Prospective IUS*	B	SE	t	p	B	SE	t	p	B	SE	t	p
Age	-0.232	0.089	-2.595	0.010	-0.258	0.096	-2.698	0.007	-0.271	0.095	-2.855	0.005
Gender	-0.837	0.520	-1.608	0.109	-0.790	0.521	-1.515	0.131	-0.755	0.516	-1.463	0.144
Asian	1.910	1.436	1.330	0.184	1.734	1.443	1.201	0.230	1.443	1.430	1.009	0.314
Black/African American	-0.968	1.579	-0.613	0.540	-1.155	1.589	-0.727	0.468	-1.506	1.575	-0.956	0.340
White	-1.535	1.175	-1.307	0.192	-1.722	1.183	-1.456	0.146	-1.903	1.171	-1.625	0.105
Hispanic/Latino	0.590	1.390	0.424	0.672	0.607	1.397	0.434	0.664	0.450	1.386	0.325	0.746
Year 1					-0.864	0.572	-1.511	0.132	-0.860	0.567	-1.517	0.130
Year 4					-0.472	0.845	-0.559	0.577	-0.583	0.837	-0.697	0.486
First-generation college									0.070	0.655	0.107	0.915
Physicians in family									-1.666	0.619	-2.689	0.007
Physician parents									-0.333	0.815	-0.409	0.682
*Model 4b: Inhibitory IUS*	B	SE	t	p	B	SE	t	p	B	SE	t	p
Age	-0.162	0.070	-2.312	0.021	-0.194	0.075	-2.590	0.010	-0.199	0.075	-2.656	0.008
Gender	-0.062	0.407	-0.152	0.879	-0.018	0.408	-0.044	0.965	-0.006	0.409	-0.015	0.988
Asian	2.817	1.124	2.506	0.013	2.715	1.129	2.405	0.017	2.593	1.133	2.289	0.023
Black/African American	-1.788	1.236	-1.446	0.149	-1.880	1.243	-1.512	0.131	-2.034	1.248	-1.629	0.104
White	-1.269	0.920	-1.380	0.168	-1.383	0.926	-1.494	0.136	-1.447	0.928	-1.559	0.120
Hispanic/Latino	-0.306	1.088	-0.281	0.779	0-0.232	1.094	-0.212	0.832	-0.285	1.098	0-0.260	0.795
Year 1					-0.701	0.448	-1.567	0.118	-0.710	0.449	-1.581	0.115
Year 4					-0.050	0.661	-0.075	0.940	-0.090	0.663	-0.136	0.892
First-generation college									0.114	0.519	0.219	0.826
Physicians in family									-0.505	0.491	-1.030	0.304
Physician parents									-0.335	0.645	-0.519	0.604

CEI = Curiosity and Exploration Inventory; IUS = Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale; ^‡Categorical variables recoded as dummy variables with each variable category = 1 and all other data coded = 0; Gender: men = 1, women = 0
^a The critical p-value for step 1 of the regression analyses was corrected to 0.00833 using the Bonferroni correction to account for six independent variables
^b The critical p-value for step 2 of the regression analyses was corrected to 0.00625 using the Bonferroni correction to account for eight independent variables
^c The critical p-value for step 3 of the regression analyses was corrected to 0.00454 using the Bonferroni correction to account for eleven independent variables

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