Table 3 Mean Differences in Grit, Self-Efficacy, Curiosity and Exploration, and Intolerance of Uncertainty Scores by Sociodemographic Variables and First-Generation Statuses (n = 392)

Total

All participants

3.7 ± 0.5

3.4 ± 0.7

4.1 ± 0.5

32.3 ± 4.7

34.2 ± 5.5

20.6 ± 3.4

13.5 ± 3.2

30.0 ± 8.5

19.6 ± 5.2

10.4 ± 4.1

Gender ^‡

Men

3.7 ± 0.5*

3.3 ± 0.7*

4.0 ± 0.6

33.1 ± 4.8**

34.2 ± 5.3

20.6 ± 3.3

13.6 ± 3.1

29.3 ± 8.2

19.0 ± 5.0

10.3 ± 3.9

Women

3.8 ± 0.5

3.4 ± 0.7

4.1 ± 0.5

31.8 ± 4.2

34.3 ± 5.5

20.7 ± 3.4

13.5 ± 3.2

30.5 ± 8.8

20.0 ± 5.3

10.5 ± 4.3

Race ^‡

American Indian/Alaskan Native

3.6 ± 0.8

2.7 ± 2.4

4.5 ± 0.7

23.5 ± 19.1***

26.5 ± 14.8*

16.5 ± 6.4

10.0 ± 8.5

36.5 ± 10.6

22.0 ± 1.4

14.5 ± 9.2

Asian

3.4 ± 0.6***

2.9 ± 0.8***

3.8 ± 0.7**

29.5 ± 5.8***

36.0 ± 4.9*

21.7 ± 3.2

14.3 ± 2.8

37.1 ± 8.5***

22.9 ± 5.1***

14.2 ± 4.3***

Black/African American

4.0 ± 0.5**

3.8 ± 0.7**

4.2 ± 0.5

33.3 ± 4.3

31.8 ± 6.4**

18.8 ± 3.9**

13.0 ± 3.3

28.4 ± 9.0

19.3 ± 6.3

9.1 ± 3.5

Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander

3.7 ± 0.5

3.3 ± 0.4

4.1 ± 0.6

34.0 ± 2.8

38.5 ± 3.5

23.0 ± 5.7

15.5 ± 2.1

32.0 ± 4.2

22.0 ± 1.4

10.0 ± 2.8

White

3.8 ± 0.5*

3.4 ± 0.6*

4.1 ± 0.5

32.6 ± 4.1*

34.3 ± 5.3

20.8 ± 3.3

13.5 ± 3.2

29.2 ± 8.1***

19.1 ± 5.0**

10.0 ± 3.9***

Other

3.6 ± 0.4

3.1 ± 0.6

4.0 ± 0.5

31.7 ± 7.8

31.8 ± 5.3

18.9 ± 3.4*

12.9 ± 3.4

31.6 ± 10.3

20.3 ± 5.5

11.3 ± 5.3

Ethnicity ^‡

Hispanic/Latino

3.7 ± 0.5

2.9 ± 1.0*

4.4 ± 0.5*

29.5 ± 8.3*

31.2 ± 7.7

19.1 ± 4.6

12.1 ± 4.0

31.3 ± 11.3

20.3 ± 6.6

10.9 ± 5.5

Year in school ^‡

Year 1

3.8 ± 0.5*

3.4 ± 0.7

4.2 ± 0.5**

32.3 ± 5.2

34.4 ± 5.7

20.7 ± 3.7

13.7 ± 3.2

29.6 ± 8.8

19.3 ± 5.4

10.2 ± 4.2

Year 2

3.7 ± 0.5

3.4 ± 0.7

4.0 ± 0.6

32.6 ± 4.3

34.5 ± 5.4

20.7 ± 3.4

13.8 ± 3.1

30.0 ± 8.2

19.7 ± 4.9

10.3 ± 4.0

Year 3

3.7 ± 0.5

3.4 ± 0.6

4.1 ± 0.5

31.9 ± 4.0

34.2 ± 5.1

20.5 ± 3.1

13.6 ± 3.1

31.2 ± 9.1

20.2 ± 5.5

10.9 ± 4.3

Year 4

3.6 ± 0.5*

3.2 ± 0.8*

4.0 ± 0.5

31.9 ± 4.9

32.7 ± 5.6*

20.3 ± 3.0

12.4 ± 3.5*

29.2 ± 7.8

18.9 ± 4.7

10.3 ± 4.1

First-generation college students ^‡

Yes

3.7 ± 0.5

3.4 ± 0.7

4.1 ± 0.6

32.2 ± 5.1

34.3 ± 6.1

20.5 ± 3.6

13.7 ± 3.4

30.6 ± 8.8

19.9 ± 5.2

10.7 ± 4.3

No

3.7 ± 0.5

3.4 ± 0.7

4.1 ± 0.5

32.3 ± 4.6

34.2 ± 5.3

20.7 ± 3.3

13.5 ± 3.2

29.8 ± 8.5

19.5 ± 5.1

10.3 ± 4.1

Physician parent(s) ^‡

Yes

3.7 ± 0.5

3.3 ± 0.8

4.1 ± 0.5

32.7 ± 4.9

34.0 ± 5.9

20.5 ± 3.6

13.5 ± 3.6

28.1 ± 8.9

18.3 ± 5.4*

9.8 ± 4.4

No

3.7 ± 0.5

3.4 ± 0.7

4.1 ± 0.5

32.2 ± 4.6

34.2 ± 5.4

20.7 ± 3.3

13.6 ± 3.1

30.3 ± 8.4

19.8 ± 5.1

10.5 ± 4.1

Physician relative(s) ^‡

Yes

3.7 ± 0.5

3.4 ± 0.7

4.1 ± 0.6

32.5 ± 4.7

34.4 ± 5.8

20.9 ± 3.7

13.5 ± 3.3

28.5 ± 8.9**

18.5 ± 5.4***

10.0 ± 4.3

No

3.7 ± 0.5

3.4 ± 0.6

4.1 ± 0.5

32.2 ± 4.7

34.0 ± 5.3

20.5 ± 3.2

13.5 ± 3.2

31.0 ± 8.2

20.3 ± 4.9

10.7 ± 4.0