Variables | Learning Environment Mean ± Standard Deviation | P-value | T** | df | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In-person | E-learning | Difference | |||||
Gender | Female | 14.9 ± 1.8 | 15.8 ± 1.6 | 1 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 | -4.7 | 60 |
Male | 15 ± 1.5 | 15.7 ± 1.5 | 0.6 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 | -4.2 | 64 | |
P-value | 0.53 | 0.606 | 0.205 | Â | Â | Â | |
T* df | -0.6 124 | 0.5 124 | 1.3 124 | Â | Â | Â | |
Age (Years) | ≤ 21 | 15.3 ± 1.6 | 16 ± 1.7 | 0.6 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 | -3.8 | 48 |
22–24 | 15 ± 1.4 | 15.9 ± 1.4 | 0.9 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 | -4.9 | 48 | |
≥ 25 | 14.6 ± 1.6 | 15.3 ± 1.1 | 0.7 ± 1.7 | 0.047 | -2.1 | 24 | |
P-value | 0.117 | 0.132 | 0.546 | Â | Â | Â | |
F | 2.2 | 2.1 | 0.6 | Â | Â | Â | |
df | 2, 120 | 2, 120 | 2, 120 | Â | Â | Â | |
Residency Status | Native | 14.8 ± 1.5 | 15.8 ± 1.3 | 1 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 | -5.7 | 58 |
Non-native | 15.2 ± 1.6 | 15.8 ± 1.6 | 0.6 ± 1.4 | = 0.001 | -3.4 | 63 | |
P-value | 0.129 | 0.992 | 0.085 | Â | Â | Â | |
T* | -1.5 | -0.0 | 1.7 | Â | Â | Â | |
df | 121 | 121 | 121 | Â | Â | Â | |
Type of Admission | Free Tuition | 15.1 ± 1.6 | 15.8 ± 1.5 | 0.7 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 | -5.2 | 103 |
Paying Tuition | 14.4 ± 1.3 | 15.3 ± 1.1 | 1 ± 1.2 | 0.009 | -3.1 | 13 | |
International | 15.2 ± 0.6 | 16.5 ± 1 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.002 | -6.8 | 4 | |
P-value | 0.247 | 0.279 | 0.533 | Â | Â | Â | |
F | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.6 | Â | Â | Â | |
df | 2, 120 | 2, 120 | 2, 120 | Â | Â | Â | |
Grade Point Average (GPA) | < 14 | 13.1 ± 1 | 14.7 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 | -4.6 | 15 |
14–17 | 14.8 ± 1.2 | 15.5 ± 1.3 | 0.7 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 | -4.7 | 78 | |
> 17 | 16.8 ± 0.9 | 17.2 ± 1.1 | 0.4 ± 1.1 | 0.043 | -2.0 | 27 | |
P-value | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | 0.022 |  |  |  | |
F | 62.1 | 26.4 | 4 | Â | Â | Â | |
df | 2, 120 | 2, 120 | 2, 120 | Â | Â | Â |