Table 4 Undergraduate medical students’ overall improvement throughout the five experiments (N = 85)

Dimension

 Clarity

2.21(1.03)/3.37(0.83)^*

2.23(0.86)/2.81(0.39)^*

3.22(1.02)/3.50(0.85)^*

3.59(0.68)/4.00(0.05)^*

2.71(0.55)/3.00(0.12)^*

0.277

1.43–2.70

< 0.0001

 Accuracy

0.84(0.80)/2.29(0.78)^*

1.40(1.00)/2.41(0.68)^*

2.22(1.18)/3.15(1.10)^*

3.09(0.78)/3.51(0.50)^*

2.56(0.59)/2.89(0.31)^*

0.520

0.46–0.80

0.0003

 Precision

1.78(0.89)/2.88(0.73)^*

1.87(0.73)/2.56(0.58)^*

2.33(1.03)/3.42(0.90)^*

3.50(0.85)/3.94(0.24)^*

2.66(0.57)/2.94(0.24)^*

0.370

0.57–1.13

0.1987

 Relevance

1.29(0.63)/2.49(0.81)^*

1.85(0.79)/2.35(0.72)^*

2.87(0.95)/3.45(0.90)^*

3.05(0.94)/3.72(0.45)^*

2.53(0.66)/2.84(0.37)^*

0.447

0.70–1.20

0.5249

 Depth

0.94(0.74)/2.41(0.96)^*

1.42(1.10)/1.94(1.75)^*

0.86(0.73)/2.89(1.21)^*

1.04(0.98)/2.99(1.17)^*

1.52(0.81)/2.71(0.55)^*

0.459

0.58–0.93

0.0092

 Breadth

0.88(0.69)/2.16(1.19)^*

0.95(1.02)/1.36(0.99)^*

0.48(0.69)/2.47(1.27)^*

0.81(0.68)/2.78(1.08)^*

1.02(0.61)/1.95(0.82)^*

0.356

1.05–1.47

0.0100

 Logic

0.80(0.75)/2.41(0.87)^*

1.50(0.94)/2.29(0.85)^*

2.05(1.31)/3.05(1.08)^*

3.05(0.94)/3.55(0.45)^*

2.64(0.59)/2.89(0.31)^*

0.544

0.70–0.97

0.0190

 Significance

1.05(0.88)/2.24(0.89)^*

1.35(1.04)/2.14(0.91)^*

1.11(1.11)/2.72(1.17)^*

0.90(0.70)/2.49(1.10)^*

1.13(0.68)/2.51(0.73)^*

0.327

1.06–2.09

0.0225

 Fairness

1.06(0.83)/2.56(0.82)^*

1.24(0.85)/2.14(0.81)^*

1.36(1.05)/3.05(1.19)^*

0.99(0.85)/2.45(2.25)^*

1.17(0.71)/2.44(0.81)^*

0.307

0.75–1.26

0.8295