Table 2 Specific phrases and actions that trainees and clinicians use to address racism in clinical encounters

Inquiry

· “What effect (if any) do you feel race has had on your health or your interactions with the health care system?”

· “I know for many of my patients, racial bias is often felt in medical settings or other parts of their lives. I’m wondering if this is true for you, and if you’d be willing to talk a little about that? We find that these experiences have important impacts on your health. “

· “What is most bothersome to you or causing you the most stress currently (medical and non-medical)?”

· “How have you experienced racism in medicine?”

Empathy

· “You seem sad, but maybe I am misinterpreting that. How are you feeling?

· “I see that you’re upset by something just now, is that correct? Is it anger, or sadness?“

· “I might be very angry if that happened, is that what you feel, or is it something else?”

Allyship

· “Would you let me know if you feel you can’t speak up and I will speak up for you?”

· “I want you to feel like you are an equal on our team.”

· “[…] it is common for people of color to have mistrust in the medical system give the history of how people of color have been marginalized by the medical system.”

Accountability

· “I am sorry I made that assumption”

· I tend to be actually somewhat informal with my patients, so it breaks down the hierarchy a bit

· Combatting and dismantling anti-Black racism is NOT just about making people aware of how Blacks are routinely victimized and terrorized by White supremacy and anti-Black racism.

· […]expose medical students to the LONG, RICH history of Black medical and scientific accomplishments. That is to say, ALL medical students should know about the numerous Black women and men who have made significant contributions to the field and its advancement.