Table 1 Descriptive statistics and subscale scores according to variables

Age

-

23.97 (1.27)

-

0.365

-

0.829

-

0.374

Sex

 Male

50

49.50%

13.88 (8.37)

0.445

9.32 (7.20)

0.174

14.28 (8.43)

0.160

 Female

51

50.50%

15.22 (8.88)

11.49 (7.66)

16.71 (7.83)

Language of education

 Turkish

32

31.68%

14.61 (8.65)

0.886

10.99 (7.54)

0.251

15.83 (8.59)

0.840

 English

69

68.32%

14.44 (8.67)

9.19 (7.32)

14.81 (7.29)

GPA

 2.0—2.5

8

7.92%

17 (9.62)

0.089

11.75 (6.27)

0.076

15.00 (9.26)

0.121

 2.5—3.0

39

38.61%

16.21 (9.14)

11.64 (7.00)

17.74 (7.83)

 3.0—3.5

34

33.66%

11.82 (8.27)

7.88 (7.15)

13.65 (9.19)

 3.5—4.0

20

19.80%

15 (7)

11.80 (8.70)

14.50 (5.80)

Relationship status

 Not in a relationship

57

56.44%

15.33 (9.74)

0.419

10.91 (6.91)

0.283

15.33 (9.07)

0.522

 In a relationship

44

43.56%

13.55 (7.36)

9.77 (8.20)

15.73 (6.96)

Socioeconomic status

 Low/Lower-middle

24

23.76%

17.58 (8.21)

0.085

9.50 (6.47)

0.661

13.92 (7.81)

0.157

 Middle

46

45.54%

14.13 (8.05)

10.09 (7.33)

15.04 (8.11)

 Upper/Upper-middle

31

30.69%

12.84 (9.38)

11.61 (8.46)

17.42 (8.46)

Duration of preparation

 More than 2 years

8

7.92%

13.25 (8.75)

0.846

10.50 (6.21)

0.490

18.75 (8.35)

0.013

 1–2 years

62

61.39%

15.23 (9.21)

10.32 (7.88)

16.07 (8.02)

 6 months-1 year

12

11.88%

13.17 (6.12)

7.83 (5.29)

9.00 (4.71)

 Less than 6 months

19

18.81%

13.79 (8.24)

12.32 (7.75)

16.42 (8.83)

Weekly study hours

 More than 60 h

15

14.85%

12 (6.05)

0.286

8.27 (7.32)

0.365

16.13 (5.37)

0.779

 30–60 h

39

38.61%

14.46 (9.8)

9.85 (7.76)

15.90 (9.65)

 15–30 h

16

15.84%

17.38 (7.03)

11.13 (6.49)

13.50 (5.14)

 Less than 15 h

31

30.69%

14.45 (8.74)

11.81 (7.68)

15.74 (8.71)

Attendance to preparatory course

 Yes

92

91.09%

15.13 (8.66)

0.026

10.78 (7.62)

0.133

16.02 (7.99)

0.041

 No

9

8.91%

8.67 (5.66)

6.67 (4.69)

10.22 (8.69)

"Do you think that your study is sufficient?"

 Yes

27

26.73%

11.48 (6.6)

0.152

8.44 (7.65)

0.207

13.56 (5.91)

0.568

 No

53

52.48%

15.43 (8.65)

11.36 (7.73)

16.08 (8.38)

 Unsure

21

20.79%

16.29 (9.64)

10.57 (6.36)

16.57 (9.98)

"Do you think that get the worth of your study?"

 Yes

37

36.63%

14.05 (7.85)

0.973

11.35 (7.30)

0.535

15.24 (7.32)

0.110

 No

38

37.62%

15.11 (9.61)

10.11 (8.23)

17.47 (8.24)

 Unsure

26

25.74%

14.46 (8.42)

9.54 (6.68)

13.00 (8.80)

"Do you consider quit studying?"

 Never

30

29.70%

10.73 (6.4)

0.005

6.07 (6.38)

 < 0.001

13.20 (6.98)

0.037

 Rarely

39

38.61%

14.46 (7.94)

10.77 (7.04)

14.51 (7.63)

 Often

21

20.79%

16.1 (9.09)

12.19 (6.03)

18.38 (9.44)

 Always

11

10.89%

22.36 (10.15)

17.64 (7.68)

19.82 (8.41)

"Would you like to work abroad in the future if you have chance?"

 Yes

74

73.27%

14.08 (8.92)

0.228

10.35 (6.63)

0.172

15.76 (8.10)

0.620

 No

13

12.87%

14.31 (9.2)

8.15 (9.64)

15.23 (9.33)

 Unsure

14

13.86%

17.29 (6.11)

12.86 (9.27)

14.43 (8.01)

"Have you used prescription psychiatric drugs (antidepressants, etc.) or undergone psychotherapy durıng your ESM preparation?"

 Yes

35

34.65%

15.89 (8.12)

0.138

13.09 (7.30)

0.007

18.97 (6.60)

 < 0.001

 No

66

65.35%

13.85 (8.85)

9.00 (7.23)

13.67 (8.38)

"Have you used prescription stimulants (amphetamines, etc.) to increase your productivity durıng your ESM preparation?"

 Yes

32

31.68%

14.5 (8.05)

0.858

12.17 (8.29)

0.438

21.33 (6.51)

0.004

 No

69

68.32%

14.56 (8.73)

10.18 (7.38)

14.72 (8.09)

"Can you set aside time for yourself apart from studying?"

 Yes

51

50.50%

13.73 (8.41)

0.270

9.41 (7.24)

0.176

13.29 (7.03)

0.008

 No

50

49.50%

15.4 (8.83)

11.44 (7.66)

17.76 (8.71)

"Can you set aside time for your friends and family?"

 Yes

47

46.53%

13.62 (8.34)

0.279

9.19 (7.35)

0.113

13.19 (7.49)

0.004

 No

54

53.47%

15.37 (8.85)

11.48 (7.50)

17.52 (8.29)

"Have you started using or increased your consumption of cigarettes, alcohol or drugs during your ESM preparation?"

 Yes

47

46.53%

14.13 (6.09)

0.907

11.44 (7.10)

0.271

18.50 (6.76)

0.004

 No

54

53.47%

14.75 (9.6)

9.94 (7.65)

14.12 (8.45)

"Can you be mindful of your nutrition?"

 Yes

38

37.62%

12.63 (7.84)

0.106

9.89 (7.08)

0.642

15.00 (7.54)

0.693

 No

63

62.38%

15.71 (8.91)

10.73 (7.75)

15.81 (8.59)

"Can you get enough sleep?"

 Yes

36

35.64%

13.56 (9.39)

0.281

8.28 (6.68)

0.039

13.89 (7.50)

0.119

 No

65

64.36%

15.11 (8.18)

11.60 (7.68)

16.40 (8.46)

"Can you set aside time for exercising"

 Yes

20

19.80%

11.8 (8.08)

0.099

9.00 (7.36)

0.338

13.60 (7.86)

0.194

 No

81

80.20%

15.23 (8.66)

10.77 (7.51)

15.98 (8.24)