Table 3 Bivariate analysis taking the perception of research integration and the evaluation of teaching scales as the dependent variables

Gender

 Male

99.17 (94.65; 103.69)

29.77 (28.14; 31.40)

26.31 (24.96; 27.67)

33.24 (32.04; 34.44)

34.57 (33.50; 35.64)

3.45 (2.13; 4.77)

 Female

108.47 (105.66; 111.28)

33.23

(32.23; 34.23)

28.11

(27.24; 28.98)

33.59

(32.84; 34.33)

35.44

(34.76; 36.13)

5.11

(4.22; 6.00)

 p-value

0.001

 < 0.001

0.024

0.613

0.166

0.039

Marital status

 Single/Widowed/ Divorced

105.54

(103.07; 108.00)

32.23

(31.35; 33.11)

27.52

(26.77; 28.27)

33.49

(32.85; 34.14)

35.18

(34.59; 35.78)

4.71

(3.95; 5.46)

 Married

103.66

(88.96; 118.36)

29.22

(24.01; 34.43)

27.77

(23.91; 31.63)

33.00

(29.92; 36.07)

34.66

(32.10; 37.22)

1.44

(-2.21; 5.09)

 p-value

0.765

0.179

0.894

0.760

0.728

0.086

Monthly income

 No income

103.57

(100.71; 106.43)

31.87

(30.87; 32.88)

27.37

(26.47; 28.28)

32.20

(31.39; 33.00)

34.27

(33.56; 34.98)

4.49

(3.57; 5.42)

 Low (< 1.500.000 LL)

98.75

(91.64; 105.85)

30.05

(27.41; 32.70)

26.20

(24.05; 28.36)

34.83

(33.39; 36.27)

35.42

(33.77; 37.07)

3.85

(2.07; 5.63)

 Moderate (1.500.000–3.000.000 LL)

112.96

(106.40; 119.53)

34.92

(32.51; 37.32)

28.79

(26.92; 30.65)

35.93

(34.27; 37.59)

37.69

(36.24; 39.13)

6.12

(3.67; 8.58)

 High (> 3.000.000 LL)

116.32

(107.89; 124.75)

32.76

(29.52; 35.99)

28.71

(26.08; 31.35)

35.63

(33.52; 37.73)

36.58

(34.67; 38.50)

4.04

(1.86; 6.22)

 p-value

 < 0.001

0.024

0.199

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.365

Current university

 Lebanese University (LU)

99.25

(93.38; 105.12)

29.22

(27.29; 31.15)

25.98

(24.42; 27.55)

33.13

(31.77; 34.48)

34.63

(33.41; 35.85)

3.23

(1.64; 4.82)

 Lebanese International University (LIU)

110.46

(107.41; 113.52)

33.83

(32.74; 34.93)

29.10

(28.11; 30.10)

33.52

(32.65; 34.39)

35.06

(34.25; 35.87)

4.73

(3.74; 5.71)

 Others

101.37

(96.66; 106.09)

31.29

(29.49; 33.09)

25.92

(24.50; 27.35)

33.66

(32.39; 34.94)

35.77

(34.63; 36.91)

5.37

(3.84; 6.89)

 p-value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.834

0.373

0.126

Current academic year

 First

104.44

(100.91; 107.96)

32.04

(30.79; 33.29)

27.92

(26.84; 29.00)

32.67

(31.80; 33.53)

34.36

(33.49; 35.23)

4.11

(3.02; 5.21)

 Second

104.67

(100.35; 109.00)

31.62

(30.04; 33.20)

27.41

(26.11; 28.72)

33.99

(32.79; 35.18)

35.72

(34.68; 36.76)

4.20

(2.90; 5.51)

 Third

107.15

(98.98; 115.31)

32.52

(29.56; 35.48)

25.88

(23.81; 27.95)

33.88

(31.76; 36.00)

35.41

(33.72; 37.10)

6.64

(4.12; 9.16)

 Four and above

112.29

(102.28; 122.29)

33.80

(30.06; 37.55)

27.38

(23.65; 31.11)

33.90

(30.68; 37.11)

37.00

(34.57; 39.42)

6.41

(3.06; 9.77)

 Graduate students

105.48

(95.62; 115.34)

32.25

(28.94; 35.56)

28.48

(25.51; 31.45)

34.94

(32.93; 36.94)

35.42

(33.15; 37.69)

3.77

(1.45; 6.09)

 p-value

0.597

0.825

0.505

0.246

0.128

0.160

GPA level

  ≤ 80

101.35

(96.52; 106.17)

30.87

(29.27; 32.47)

26.57

(25.12; 28.02)

33.07

(31.99; 34.16)

34.87

(33.83; 35.90)

4.29

(2.98; 5.61)

 81 – 90

108.61

(101.82; 115.40)

33.26

(30.98; 35.55)

29.02

(27.24; 30.81)

33.32

(31.35; 35.30)

34.77

(33.14; 36.40)

4.23

(2.40; 6.07)

  > 91

108.21

(102.73; 113.69)

32.79

(30.84; 34.74)

28.26

(26.57; 29.95)

32.33

(30.68; 33.97)

34.29

(32.84; 35.75)

4.52

(2.63; 6.42)

p-value

0.098

0.152

0.089

0.648

0.802

0.969

Major of study

 Health, medicine, and science

110.61

(107.60; 113.61)

33.95

(32.88; 35.02)

28.24

(27.31; 29.17)

33.85

(33.01; 34.69)

35.94

(35.17; 36.70)

5.71

(4.67; 6.74)

 Other majors

99.91

(96.17; 103.64)

30.13

(28.78; 31.47)

26.77

(25.62; 27.91)

33.07

(32.11; 34.02)

34.32

(33.46; 35.19)

3.35

(2.32; 4.39)

 p-value

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.050

0.221

0.006

0.002

Employment status

Employed

107.46

(102.50; 112.43)

31.54

(29.72; 33.37)

26.95

(25.56; 28.34)

35.52

(34.46; 36.58)

36.29

(35.28; 37.30)

4.59

(3.14; 6.04)

 Unemployed

104.61

(101.86; 107.35)

32.35

(31.38; 33.32)

27.78

(26.91; 28.64)

32.60

(31.84; 33.36)

34.68

(33.98; 35.38)

4.57

(3.71; 5.43)

 p-value

0.321

0.441

0.311

 < 0.001

0.012

0.980

Checking if the instructors are involved in any research activity or have any published articles

 Yes

104.80

(101.82; 107.78)

31.89

(30.83; 32.95)

27.84

(26.92; 28.75)

33.37

(32.59; 34.15)

35.11

(34.39; 35.82)

4.05

(3.19; 4.91)

 No

106.87

(102.69; 111.05)

32.57

(31.05; 34.09)

26.87

(25.65; 28.09)

33.70

(32.61; 34.79)

35.28

(34.30; 36.26)

5.70

(4.30; 7.10)

 p-value

0.435

0.473

0.225

0.631

0.789

0.049