Eleven years of data on the Jefferson Scale of Empathy – medical student version: Japanese norm data and tentative cutoff scores

Table 2 Gender distribution and gender differences on the JSE-S scores by matriculation year

Matriculation year	Men		Women		t	p-value	Effect size^a
Matriculation year	n	Mean (SD)	n	Mean (SD)	t	p-value	Effect size^a
2011	70	112.0 (11.0)	43	113.1 (12.6)	0.48	0.634	0.09
2012	81	111.1 (10.7)	33	110.0 (10.9)	-0.49	0.622	-0.10
2013	86	107.7 (13.1)	27	113.0 (10.9)	1.91	0.058	0.42
2014	78	107.2 (14.4)	34	111.2 (12.3)	1.43	0.156	0.29
2015	88	109.2 (12.6)	25	112.6 (9.7)	1.24	0.217	0.28
2016	83	110.4 (12.2)	32	113.8 (10.6)	1.40	0.165	0.29
2017	86	110.2 (10.2)	28	111.5 (11.1)	0.58	0.563	0.13
2018	68	111.8 (9.6)	44	112.8 (9.1)	0.55	0.581	0.11
2019	70	109.4 (10.8)	30	112.3 (10.5)	1.22	0.226	0.27
2020	64	110.8 (11.7)	45	114.3 (10.4)	1.62	0.109	0.31
2021	62	110.7 (15.2)	39	112.6 (12.8)	0.64	0.523	0.13
Total	836	110.0 (12.1)	380	112.6 (11.0)	3.57	0.0004	0.22

Gender distribution across matriculation years: χ²₁₀ = 24.0819 (p = 0.007, significant)
JSE-S Jefferson Scale of Empathy-medical student version, SD Standard deviation
^a Cohen’s d

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