Fig. 4

Five-level Likert scores of students’ attitudes in Con (n = 60) and Exp (n = 60) groups. A self-learning enthusiasm; B study load; C systematization of teaching content; D understanding of teaching content; E satisfaction of teaching mode; F satisfaction of teaching effect; G interests in continuing to learn about ECGs. Con: control group with the traditional LBL method, Exp: experimental group of the flipped classroom combined with the CRISP method. ** p < 0.001 Con vs. Exp