Fig. 3

ECG test scores of Con (n = 60) and Exp (n = 60) groups at different time points. Con: control group with the traditional LBL method, Exp: experimental group of the flipped classroom combined with the CRISP method. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD); ** p < 0.001 vs. pre-training in Exp, ## p < 0.005 vs. pre-training in Con, ^^ p < 0.001 vs. Con at one week after training and 24 weeks after training