Synchronous online lecturing or blended flipped classroom with jigsaw: an educational intervention during the Covid-19 pandemic

Table 2 The within- and between-group comparison of the scores in the Interpersonal Communication Skills (ICS) Questionnaire before and after the intervention

ICS Dimensions	Online lecture			Blended method			Between group
ICS Dimensions	Before	After	P -Value ^w	Before	After	P -Value ^w	P -Value ^b	P -Value ^a
Empathy & Intimacy	57.675 ± 5.757	57.525 ± 6.679	0.857	58.727 ± 5.558	59.954 ± 5.057	0.150	0.710	0.140
Assertiveness	30.800 ± 4.045	29.950 ± 3.761	0.088	26.886 ± 4.199	33.204 ± 7.410	< 0.001	0.009	0.008
Communication Skills	31.500 ± 3.967	32.200 ± 4.403	0.220	31.863 ± 4.289	34.863 ± 3.770	< 0.001	0.633	0.005
Conflict Resolution	24.450 ± 4.326	24.600 ± 4.683	0.803	25.613 ± 4.081	27.750 ± 5.176	0.025	0.094	0.009
Maintain & Develop	28.825 ± 3.492	28.950 ± 3.565	0.777	28.045 ± 5.304	30.954 ± 3.766	< 0.001	0.936	0.015
Listening Skills	15.025 ± 2.877	14.375 ± 2.923	0.057	15.977 ± 2.435	16.340 ± 1.916	0.392	0.426	0.049
Total	188.275 ± 16.084	187.600 ± 17.021	0.593	187.113 ± 15.344	203.068 ± 17.829	< 0.001	0.862	< 0.001

P-Value^w: The within-group comparison in each group
P-Value^b: The between-group comparison before the intervention
P-Value^a: The between-group comparison after the intervention based on the ANCOVA after controlling the effect of GPA

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