Table 1 Results of factor analyses from the original collaborative learning attitude scale (reference [23])

13

My team members learn how other members wish to be treated and then act accordingly

0.841

9

My team members communicate with each other frequently

0.830

20

My team members clearly know their role during their collaboration

0.815

16

My team trusts each other and works toward the same goal

0.793

6

My team members share personal information to know each other better

0.782

11

Communicating with team members regularly helps me to understand the team project better

0.775

17

My team develops clear collaborative patterns to increase team learning efficiency

0.774

12

My team members encourage open communication with each other

0.766

8

Getting to know one another in my team allows me to interact with teammates more efficiently

0.762

14

My team members provide all responses in a timely manner

0.757

18

My team sets clear goals and establishes working norm

0.739

19

My team has an efficient way to track the edition of documents

0.738

5

My team members share culture information to know each other better

0.717

4

My team is receiving feedback from each other

0.697

7

My team members share their professional expertise

0.683

15

I trust each team member can complete his/her work on time

0.670

2

The instructor acts as a referee when our members cannot seem to resolve differences

1

My team is receiving guidance of the group project from the instructor

3

The support from the instructor helps my team to reduce anxiety among team members

KMO value

0.971

Bartlett’s test

X² = 7625.024 (p < 0.001)

Total variance explained

70.126%