A longitudinal cohort study observed increasing perfectionism and declining resilience, ambiguity tolerance and calling during medical school which is not explained by student personality

Table 2 Paired sample t-tests comparing temperament and character personality traits across baseline (1^styear) and follow-up (4^thyear) by sex male (n = 72) and female (n = 82), and student type: domestic (n = 101) and international (n = 53)

	Time 1: 1^st year						Time 1: 1^st year
	Male		Female				Domestic		International
Temperament and Character Personality	M*	SD	M	SD	p	Cohen's d	M*	SD	M	SD	p	Cohen's d
Novelty Seeking	2.77	0.44	2.69	0.46	0.256	0.183	2.75	0.49	2.69	0.38	0.390	0.135
Harm Avoidance	2.65	0.69	2.82	0.74	0.145	-0.235	2.75	0.49	2.48	0.72	0.001	0.555
Reward Dependence	3.06	0.25	3.07	0.22	0.733	-0.055	3.07	0.25	3.07	0.22	0.845	0.033
Persistence	3.89	0.57	4.00	0.52	0.271	-0.178	3.91	0.52	4.02	0.57	0.232	-0.204
Self-Directedness	3.68	0.56	3.80	0.52	0.201	-0.207	3.66	0.50	3.91	0.59	0.007	-0.462
Cooperativeness	4.02	0.42	4.10	0.48	0.294	-0.169	4.05	0.41	4.10	0.54	0.523	-0.109
Self-Transcendence	2.55	0.67	2.75	0.74	0.010*	-0.268	2.61	0.67	2.80	0.78	0.208	-0.214

M Mean, SD Standard deviation
Whole sample (N = 154) Time1 Temperament and Character personality (TCIR-140) *scores: (Mean/SD): Novelty Seeking = 2.73/0.46; Harm Avoidance = 2.74/0.72; Reward Dependence = 3.07/0.24: Persistence = 3.95/0.54; Self-Directedness = 3.75/0.54; Cooperativeness = 4.06/0.45; Self-Transcendence = 2.66/0.71
^*Mean personality score rankings: Very low (1.00- 1.50), low (1.51- 2.50), average (2.51- 3.50), high (3.51- 4.50) and very high (4.51- 5.00)
Time1 TCIR-140 by Rural Background showed that students reporting a rural background scored higher in Novelty Seeking (mean = 2.85; SD = 0.59) compared to those who did not have a rural upbringing (mean = 2.68; SD = 0.40), with a moderate effect size. (t = 1.89, 151; p < 0.051. Cohen’s d = 0.353)
Time1 TCIR-140 by Relationship Status showed that students who are single scored higher in Self-Transcendence (mean = 2.73; SD = 0.72) compared to those who are married or partnered (mean = 2.42; SD = 0.65), with a moderate effect size. (t = -2.50, 152; p < 0.015. Cohen’s d = -0.443)
Time 1 TCIR-140 by Age Group showed no difference

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