Table 3 Measures of non-technical performance, the description of measures, and the reviewed articles that used them

Surgical coping questionnaire [20]

Questionnaire consisting of 70 items that uses the total number of coping strategies indicated in the questionnaire as a variable.

[20]

Trait emotional Intelligence questionnaire [128]

Questionnaire consisting of 30 self-reported items, which are scored on a 7-point Likert scale. Ratings are summed to derive an index of global trait emotional intelligence divided into emotionality, sociability, self-control and well-being.

[15]

Mental imagery questionnaire [129]

Questionnaire consisting of eight items scored on a 7-point Likert scale. It measures the quality and volume of a surgeon’s mental imagery during performance of a laparoscopic cholecystectomy by assessing visual and kinaesthetic imagery, confidence to carry out the procedure, and perceived usefulness of engaging in imagery preoperatively.

[15, 69]

d2 test of attention [130]

Written, timed test of selective attention: Items are composed of the letters “d” and “p” with 1, 2, 3, or 4 dashes arranged either individually or in pairs above and below the letter. 20 seconds are given to scan each line and mark all “d’s” with two dashes. It measures the total number of items processed, the percentage of errors, an index of concentration performance errors, and the fluctuation rate across trials.

[69]

Trauma non-technical skills scale [131]

Scale consisting of five items: leadership, cooperation, communication, assessment, and situation awareness/coping with stress.

[104]

Test of performance strategies [132]

Test with a 68-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure the frequency the participants use a range of psychological skills and techniques (i.e., goal setting, relaxation, activation, imagery, self-talk, emotional control, and automaticity).

[69, 70, 80]

Short Stress State Questionnaire [114]

Questionnaire with short multidimensional self-report measures of stress state containing 24 items rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale.

[89]

Observational teamwork assessment for surgery (OTAS) [133]

Psychometrical tool that captures the quality of teamworking and team interactions in the operating room. Consists of five behaviors that team-members in the operating room exhibit to a higher or lower degree during surgery.

[20]