Table 2 Measures of technical performance, the description of measures, and the reviewed articles that used them

 Number of errors

Number of errors made during the procedure or task.

[15, 21, 69, 72, 77, 96, 105, 119,120,121]

 Critical mistakes

Critical mistakes made during the procedure or task.

[90]

 Total procedural time

Total time to complete a procedure.

[15, 21, 69, 94, 96, 98,99,100, 103, 105, 119, 120]

 Task time

Time to complete a specific task.

[61, 88, 90, 96, 98,99,100]

 Fundamentals of Laparoscopic surgery™ (FLS) performance metrics [122]

Test of laparoscopic manual skills. Performance based scoring system rewarding precision and speed.

[23, 61, 66, 68, 89, 91, 98, 103, 109]

 Fundamentals of Endoscopic Surgery™ (FES) performance metrics [123]

Test of endoscopic manual skills. Performance based on assessment of five exercises: bimanual navigation, loop reduction targeting, mucosal evaluation and retroflexion.

[91]

 O’Connor Tweezer Dexterity performance metrics [124]

Test of fine motor dexterity using tweezers to pick up pegs individually. Performance measured as the time that lapses between placement of the first and last pegs.

[61]

 LAP Mentor™ performance metrics [123]

Test of laparoscopic manual skills. Lap Chole module of the LAP Mentor™ assesses the skills of identifying, grasping, retracting, dissecting, clipping, cutting, and safety assessment during cholecystectomy procedures.

[93]

 NeuroTouch performance metrics [125]

A comprehensive performance assessment program, including safety metrics, quality of operation metrics, efficiency metrics, and advanced metrics.

[103]

 Number of transfers

Number of peg transfers during a task.

[99, 108, 112, 113]

 Task progression score

Score for the progression during a task.

[73]

 Integrated accuracy and speed

Assessment of the accuracy and speed of the performance.

[21]

 Knot tying performance

Assessment of the knot tying performance in accordance with technique, speed, knot tensile strength, end result.

[58, 72]

 Suture skills

Assessment of suture skills in accordance with technique, speed, and end result.

[70, 99]

 Laparoscopic cutting and suture task

Performance based on time and number of stitches placed.

[98]

 Leak volume

The leak volume is measured after a knot tying or suture task.

[72, 73]

 Hand movements

Total movement time of hands.

[15, 58]

 Instrument tip trajectory

Length of tool tip trajectory.

[100]

 The quiet eye period

Percentage of quiet eye period duration.

[58]

 Star-track test metrics

The star-track test assesses manual dexterity and consists of a tracing task in a laparoscopic box. It measures speed, task completion time, accuracy, and manual dexterity.

[21]

 Objective structured assessment of technical skills (OSATS) [126]

An examination using bench model simulation, consisting of two components: operation-specific checklist and global rating scale.

[20, 24, 71]

 End product assessment [127]

Rating scale reflecting the quality of the carotid artery model on completion of the simulated carotid endarterectomy.

[20]