Table 3 Differences in learning outcome between groups across both instructional modalities
Period (lecture) | N | Median | Sum of Ranks | Mann–Whitney U | z | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Period 1 – Control (VTL) | 93.5 | − 1.326 | .185 | |||
 Pre-test  Post-test | 16 | 5.5 | 265 | |||
16 | 9 | 298.5 | ||||
Period 1 – Intervention (VFL) | ||||||
 Pre-test | 16 | 5.5 | 263 | |||
 Post-test | 16 | 8 | 229 | |||
Period 2 – Control (VTL) | 122.5 | −0.215 | .829 | |||
 Pre-test | 16 | 3.5 | 243.5 | |||
 Post-test | 16 | 9 | 269.5 | |||
Period 2 – Intervention (VFL) | ||||||
 Pre-test | 16 | 4 | 284.5 | |||
 Post-test | 16 | 8.5 | 258.5 | |||