Table 7 Confidence, performance, management, communication, anxiety and knowledge scores reported in the included studies

Confidence scores

Davison 2017 [98] 1 × ISS (n = 89) Study specific questionnaire

Pre Mean Scores (SD)

Post Mean Scores (SD)

Significance

28.8 (6.3)

30.8 (4.6)

 < 0.001

Allan 2010 [111] 1 × ISS (n = 182) Study specific questionnaire

Pre v Post

 < 0.001

Lavelle 2017 [2] Regular weekly ISS (n = 53) Study specific questionnaire

3.6 (0.9)

4.1 (0.9)

 < 0.001

Nickerson 2019 [113] 1 × 15 min ISS (n = 23) Study specific questionnaire

1.4

2.8

NR

Saqe-Rockoff 2019 [96] 1 × ISS (n = 43) C-Scale (Grundy 1993)

2.5 (0.8)

3.9 (0.6)

 < 0.001

Surcouf 2013 [114] 1 × ISS (n = 27) Study specific questionnaire

2.53 (0.46)

2.92 (0.56)

 < 0.001

Van Schaik 2011 [103] Regular interprofessional team training (monthly – quarterly)

Study specific questionnaire

Basic PGY 1/2/3

3.59 (0.56)

4.08 (0.44)

4.12 (0.5)

Advanced PGY1/2/3

2.35 (0.6)

2.81 (0.6)

2.71 (0.52)

Expert PGY1/2/3

1.5 (0.76)

1.73 (0.82)

1.44 (0.57)

Leadership PGY1/2/3

1.88 (0.79)

2.77 (0.62)

3.06 (0.91)

Basic PGY 1/2/3

3.73 (0.6)

3.97 (0.44)

4.36 (0.37)

Advanced PGY1/2/3

2.52 (0.67)

2.68 (0.6)

3.17 (0.51)

Expert PGY1/2/3

1.75 (0.71)

1.54 (0.8)

1.95 (0.84)

Leadership PGY1/2/3

2.32 (0.88)

2.84 (0.61)

3.57 (0.62)

0.301

0.110

0.156

0.011

Dowson 2013 [112] IG 3 × ISS (n = 20) Clinical Confidence Rating Scale [108]

Month 1

CG 57.8 (10.7)

Month 1

IG 47.3 (6.68)

Month 3

CG 60 (10)

Month 3

IG 56.6 (7)

NS

 < 0.001

Nunnink 2009 [117] 3 × ISS and 2 × video training (n = 49)

Study specific questionnaire

ISS 9 (4.3)

Video 11.2 (3.8)

ISS 12.9 (3.6)

Video 12.4 (4.1)

0.001

0.03

Performance scores

Gardner 2013 [71] 1 × ISS Study specific questionnaire

3.72 (0.53)

3.52 (0.7)

 < 0.001

Nickerson 2019 [113] 1 × ISS 15 min (n = 23) Study specific questionnaire

67%

62%

86%

89%

Not reported

Saqe-Rockoff 2019 [96] 1 × ISS (n = 43) Clinical Performance Tool (Donoghue et al. 2010)

5.3 (0.9)

9.2 (0.6)

0.004

Boyde 2018 [104] 1 × ISS (n = 50) Self-Efficacy in Clinical Performance scale (Munroe et al., 2015)

165.15 (28.1)

214.12 (26)

 < 0.001

Rubio-Gurung 2014 [24] IG 1 × 4-h ISS training session (n = 120)

Team Emergency Assessment Measure (TEAM) (Cooper et al. 2010)

CG post

Median 6.7 (3.4–8.3)

IG post

Median 19.9 (13.3–25)

0.001

Kurosawa 2014 [108] 6 × ISS (n = 40) Validated Clinical Performance Tool

CG post 14.9 (4.4)

IG post 22.4 (3.9)

0.001

Management and leadership scores

Allan 2010 [111] 1 × ISS (one component of improvement project) (n = 182)

Study specific questionnaire

NR

NR

 < 0.001

Dowson 2013 [112] IG 3 × ISS training (n = 20) Clinical Confidence Rating Scale

Month 1

CG 2.9 (0.57)

Month 1

IG 2.2 (0.42)

Month 3

CG 2 (0.7)

Month 3

IG 2.8 (0.4)

NS

 < 0.05

Communication scores

Gardner 2013 [71] at least1 x ISS Questionnaire developed by O’Neill et al. (1994)

3.64 (0.64)

3.82 (0.6)

 < 0.05

Villemure 2019 [118] IG 6 h training: including 3 × ISS scenarios 30 min each

Work Collaborative Questionnaire (Chiocchio et al. 2012)

CG 5.27 (0.95)

IG 4.9

(0.91)

NS

Anxiety scores

Allan 2010 [111] 1 × ISS as one component of improvement project (n = 182)

Study specific questionnaire

Pre / Post

 < 0.001

Boyde 2018 [104] 1 × ISS (n = 50) State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Anxiety State (Spielberger et al. 1983)

38.56 (9.87)

33.54 (9)

 < 0.001

Knowledge scores

Crofts 2007 [115] Single ISS (comparing in situ n = 64, with simulation centre training n = 69, without and without teamwork training)

Study specific questionnaire

In situ pre

81.5 (21.3)

Simulation centre pre

79.4 (22.1)

In situ post

101.5 (21.5)

Simulation centre post

100.5 (21.1)

NS difference between ISS and sim centre

Lavelle 2017 [2] Regular weekly ISS (n = 53) Study specific questionnaire

38.6 (19.3)

53 (16)

 < 0.001

Nickerson 2019 [113] 1 × 15 min ISS Study specific questionnaire

57%

72%

Not reported

Patterson 2013b [101] 2 day education intervention with ISS (n = 289), re-evaluation at 10 months (n-151) Study specific questionnaire

86% (SD 9.8%)

96% (SD 5.8%)

Re-evaluation

93% (SD 7.3%)

 < 0.001