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Table 3 Identifying factors associated with vaccine hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccines among healthcare students. Weighted logistic regression analysis. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy study among healthcare students, France, January–February 2021 (n = 1465)

From: Cross-sectional study on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and determinants in healthcare students: interdisciplinary trainings on vaccination are needed

 

Vaccine hesitancy n (%)*

Univariate OR† (95% CI)

p

Adjusted OR‡ (95% CI)

 

Hesitancy N = 600

No hesitancy N = 862

Gender

 Female

558 (89.3)

658 (68.8)

Ref

 

Ref

 Male

42 (10.7)

204 (31.2)

0.27 (0.18, 0.39)

< 0.001

0.34 (0.19, 0.60)

Age

  < 19 years old

201 (30.6)

290 (30.9)

Ref

  

  [20–22] years old

248 (43.3)

373 (43.1)

1.01 (0.78, 1.32)

0.92

 

  > 23 years old

151 (26.0)

199 (26.0)

1.01 (0.74, 1.37)

0.95

 

Training courses

 Common first year§

102 (10.5)

232 (21.4)

Ref

 

Ref

 Medical (2nd year to 6th year)

56 (5.4)

292 (22.9)

0.48 (0.33, 0.70)

< 0.001

0.39 (0.23, 0.67)

 Midwifery (2nd year to 5th year)

37 (5.1)

60 (6.8)

1.53 (0.95, 2.46)

0.08

0.79 (0.42, 1.50)

 Physiotherapy (2nd year to 5th year)

237 (15.4)

104 (22.4)

1.41 (0.94, 2.10)

0.09

1.00 (0.57, 1.76)

 Nursing (1st year to 3rd year)

64 (51.9)

109 (20.3)

5.20 (3.71, 7.28)

< 0.001

2.76 (1.70, 4.48)

 Other

104 (11.7)

65 (6.3)

3.79 (2.56, 5.61)

< 0.001

1.70 (0.96, 3.03)

Internship during the epidemic**

 Yes

478 (86.6)

622 (77.5)

Ref

  

 No

122 (13.4)

240 (22.5)

0.53 (0.41, 0.69)

< 0.001

 

Have presented COVID-19

 No

467 (75.5)

680 (78.3)

Ref

  

 Yes

133 (24.5)

182 (21.7)

1.17 (0.76, 1.21)

0.74

 

Being contact case of a confirmed case at least once

 No

288 (46.4)

388 (45.4)

Ref

  

 Yes

312 (53.6)

474 (54.6)

0.96 (0.76, 1.21)

0.74

 

Have had relatives ill and/or hospitalized for COVID

 None

205 (34.7)

239 (29.7)

Ref

0.72

 

 Relatives hospitalized for COVID

84 (14.6)

104 (11.7)

1.07 (0.74, 1.55)

0.02

 

 Relatives with COVID but not hospitalized

311 (50.8)

519 (58.7)

0.74 (0.57, 0.96)

  

Having relatives at risk of severe COVID

 No

123 (21.1)

161 (18.0)

Ref

  

 Yes

477 (78.9)

701 (82.0)

0.82 (0.62, 1.10)

0.2

 

Have downloaded the contact tracing mobile app

 No

474 (80.9)

486 (59.0)

Ref

 

Ref

 Yes

126 (19.1)

376 (41.0)

0.34 (0.26, 0.44)

< 0.001

0.65 (0.44, 0.95)

Have been vaccinated against the 2020 seasonal flu

 No

520 (86.4)

545 (66.7)

Ref

 

Ref

 Yes

80 (13.6)

317 (33.3)

0.32 (0.23, 0.42)

< 0.001

0.42 (0.27, 0.66)

Feeling or having felt isolated

 No

271 (48.7)

292 (38.1)

Ref

  

 Yes

304 (51.3)

535 (61.9)

0.65 (0.51, 0.82)

< 0.001

 

Fear for one’s health

 No

465 (79.8)

719 (86.3)

Ref

  

 Yes

110 (20.2)

108 (13.7)

1.60 (1.16, 2.20)

0.004

 

Fear for relatives’ health

 No

168 (28.1)

185 (22.7)

Ref

  

 Yes

407 (71.9)

642 (77.3)

0.75 (0.57, 0.98)

0.03

 

Sources of information used††

 Do not look for information

31 (5.6)

26 (3.0)

Ref

  

 Use reliable sources

274 (47.8)

466 (57.1)

0.46 (0.25, 0.83)

0.01

 

 Use unreliable sources

281 (46.6)

365 (39.8)

0.64 (0.35, 1.16)

0.14

 

Have personal good knowledge on COVID-19 vaccines

 Neither agree nor disagree

208 (35.4)

315 (36.5)

Ref

 

Ref

 Agreed

88 (15.2)

270 (33.0)

0.47 (0.34, 0.66)

< 0.001

0.51 (0.30, 0.86)

 Disagree

290 (49.4)

271 (30.5)

1.67 (1.29, 2.17)

< 0.001

1.14 (0.77, 1.69)

Act as a referral for family or friends to provide information about COVID-19

 Neither agree nor disagree

158 (26.9)

171 (20.5)

Ref

 

Ref

 Agreed

180 (31.0)

433 (50.6)

0.47 (0.35, 0.63)

< 0.001

0.61 (0.39, 0.97)

 Disagree

248 (42.1)

252 (28.9)

1.11 (0.82, 1.51)

0.5

0.96 (0.60, 1.55)

Consider that vaccination should be made mandatory for caregivers

 Neither agree nor disagree

159 (24.6)

212 (25.0)

Ref

 

Ref

 Agreed

52 (8.2)

539 (62.5)

0.13 (0.09, 0.20)

< 0.001

0.33 (0.21, 0.53)

 Disagree

375 (67.2)

105 (12.5)

5.46 (3.91, 7.63)

< 0.001

3.43 (2.17, 5.40)

Consider that healthcare students should participate to the vaccination campaign

 Neither agree nor disagree

232 (37.5)

192 (21.8)

Ref

 

Ref

 Agreed

92 (16.2)

593 (70.6)

0.13 (0.10, 0.18)

< 0.001

0.31 (0.21, 0.47)

 Disagree

262 (46.3)

71 (7.6)

3.55 (2.47, 5.09)

< 0.001

2.45 (1.47, 4.08)

Consider that certain activities should be conditioned by vaccine status

 Neither agree nor disagree

106 (17.1)

200 (23.1)

Ref

 

Ref

 Agreed

89 (14.6)

491 (56.8)

0.35 (0.24, 0.49)

< 0.001

0.77 (0.49, 1.20)

 Disagree

391 (68.3)

165 (20.1)

4.60 (3.32, 6.38)

< 0.001

1.73 (1.10, 2.73)

  1. * Weighted proportions. Amounts may be discreetly less than or greater than 100% due to rounding
  2. † Univariate odds-ratio (OR) are calculated using a weighted logistic regression
  3. ‡ Adjusted odds-ratio (aOR) are calculated using a weighted logistic regression
  4. § Common and first year of several health studies
  5. ** This variable was not used in the multivariate model because the students of the common first year of medial, midwifery and physiotherapy studies do not carry out an internship during their training year
  6. †† The variable was defined based on several responses about the nature of the sources of information used by the respondents. Thus, if the respondent mentioned looking for information on institutional sites (Ministry of health, recommendations from experts or medical associations …), in scientific journals, university lectures, it was indicated that he/she was using “reliable sources”. On the contrary, the respondent looking for information via mass media, general press, social networks, or the Internet was considered as using “unreliable sources”. Responses indicating that the respondent did not look for information at all were kept as such
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BMC Medical Education

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