Table 1 Background of the participants

Technologists 66 (45.5%): The technologists were diploma holders from the Faculty of Health Sciences who had been certified after completion of an approved two-year training course. The vital members of the team were surgical technologists who ensured safe surgical treatment and avoided contamination of the surgical site. They prepared patients for surgery before the operative procedure by washing, shaving, and disinfecting the site of the surgical incision.

Nurses 43 (29.7%): The nurses had completed a four-year bachelor’s degree in nursing and were registered with the Pakistan Nursing Council. They were responsible for following and enforcing strict standards of aseptic techniques and infection prevention procedures in operating rooms, such as ensuring compliance with hand hygiene.

Doctors 36 (24.8%): The doctors were anesthesia and surgical residents who had passed their primary fellowship exam of the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Anesthesia and Surgery. At the time of training, they were practicing their postgraduate training in their respective fields.