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Table 1 Validation tests of the translated questionnaire. Test-retest reliability showed a strong correlation, and inter-rater reliability showed a good agreement in the fundoscopy technique and optic disc margins questions, and a moderate agreement in the cup-to-disc ratio and macular evaluation question. Internal consistency was α = 0.82

From: Comparison of conventional and wide field direct ophthalmoscopy on medical students’ self-confidence for fundus examination: a 1-year follow-up

 

Pearson correlation (test-retest reliability)

Cohen’s kappa (inter-rater reliability)

P-value

Question 1: fundoscopy technique

0.83

0.61

< 0.01

Question 2: cup-to-disc ratio

0.78

0.51

< 0.01

Question 3: optic disc margins

0.74

0.64

< 0.01

Question 4: macula evaluation

0.80

0.53

< 0.01