Table 4 Assessment Methods Used to Evaluate Empathy

Quantitative self-rated

Jefferson Scale of Empathy

[1, 2, 4, 5, 8,9,10,11,12, 14, 16, 18, 40, 43, 45, 48, 52, 61, 65, 68, 69, 71,73,73, 75, 80, 81, 87,89,90,91,91, 94, 96, 100, 104, 106, 108, 113, 114, 117, 118, 122, 124, 127, 131,133,133, 137, 139,141,141, 142, 148, 149, 152]

Interpersonal Reactivity Index

[48, 49, 52, 67, 74, 78, 93, 101, 112, 114]

Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale

[12, 45, 74, 93, 110, 123]

Toronto Empathy Questionnaire

[18, 47, 49]

Adapted Empathy Construct Rating Scale

[74, 95, 110]

Empathy Quotient

[85]

Groningen Reflection Ability Scale

[78]

Ekman Facial Decoding Test

[12, 45]

Social Empathy Index

[82, 84]

Self-developed Tools

[3, 17, 54, 66, 107, 133, 138, 141, 142, 143, 145]

Empathic Tendency Scale

[60, 79, 109, 146]

Quantitative assessor- based

Consultation and Relational Empathy measure

[6, 10, 12, 18, 45, 97, 104, 115, 131]

Jefferson Scale of Patient Perceptions of Physician Empathy

[40, 43, 88, 131]

Standardised Patient Feedback Form – Part II

[69]

Quality of Communication through Patient’s Eyes

[6]

Modified Barret-Lenard Relationship Inventory

[58, 98]

Self-developed assessment of patient-rated empathy

[38]

Quantitative observer-based

Truax Accurate Empathy Scale

[19, 58, 121]

Roter’s Interaction Analysis System

[39]

Empathy Skill Scale

[79]

Empathy Communication Skill Scale

[60]

Empathic Communication Coding System

[15, 117, 120]

Well’s Empathic Communication Test

[116]

Index of Facilitative Discrimination

[116]

Modified Scoring Tool used in Theatre Department

[119]

ComSkill Coding System

[77]

Qualitative observer-based

Interviews

[6, 41, 70, 112]

Group discussion

[5, 101, 110, 112, 122]

Evaluation of reflective writing, narratives, or blogs submitted by participants

[9, 43, 51, 55, 63, 66, 75, 84, 103, 133, 142, 153]

Analysis of artwork

[92, 139]

Thematic analysis of SP interviews

[13, 42, 50, 64, 77, 99, 119]

Self-developed questionnaire

[62]

Qualitative survey feedback

[3, 70]