Table 1 Descriptive results of the participants and the serial questionnaire measurement results. The numbers are presented as the mean (SD) unless stated otherwise. The questionnaire scales are listed by the scale/subscale name (abbreviation if present, number of items)

age

23.6

(1.25)

Male^a

50

(58.8)

Self-reported academic performance^a

  Top third

24

(28.2)

  Middle third

41

(48.4)

  Bottom third

20

(23.5)

  Preparedness total (PHPQ, 41)

166.9

(24.1)

157.3

(21.2)

159.9

(21.7)

168.1

(22.3)

175.6

(24.6)

175.5

(25.6)

  Interpersonal skills (4)

12.6

(3.53)

11.2

(3.17)

11.7

(3.14)

12.7

(3.16)

13.7

(3.60)

14.0

(3.84)

  Confidence (6)

24.1

(4.26)

23.0

(3.82)

23.4

(4.31)

24.0

(4.05)

25.5

(4.22)

24.5

(4.57)

  Collaboration (4)

15.7

(3.43)

14.7

(3.35)

14.5

(3.13)

16.0

(2.96)

16.5

(3.52)

17.1

(3.58)

  Management (5)

20.2

(4.02)

17.1

(3.12)

17.8

(3.28)

21.0

(3.16)

22.9

(3.20)

22.7

(3.39)

  Science (4)

15.1

(2.64)

14.4

(2.42)

14.3

(2.32)

15.3

(2.33)

15.7

(2.62)

16.0

(3.13)

  Prevention (6)

27.6

(3.78)

26.8

(3.67)

27.0

(3.70)

27.6

(3.60)

28.2

(3.91)

28.5

(3.83)

  Holistic care (6)

25.5

(4.83)

24.3

(5.32)

25.5

(4.60)

25.4

(4.91)

26.1

(4.84)

26.2

(4.17)

  Self-directed learning (6)

26.2

(3.94)

25.8

(3.94)

25.7

(3.72)

26.1

(3.94)

27.0

(4.04)

26.6

(4.04)

  Professional Identity Scale (PIS, 9)

34.1

(4.02)

33.8

(4.17)

33.7

(3.62)

34.2

(4.17)

34.5

(3.83)

35.0

(4.46)

  Team understanding Scale (TS, 10)

34.9

(5.28)

33.0

(5.14)

33.3

(5.50)

35.4

(4.45)

36.5

(4.93)

37.5

(5.10)