Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
First author | Participants/Country | N (VR/control) | Course | Intervention | Comparator | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anthony, 2011 [19] | medical students/UK | 12/14 | anatomy of the forearm | VR | dissection and textbooks | 50 min |
Battulga, 2012 [20] | medical students/Japan | 50/50 | shoulder | 3D interactive models | 2D images | 60 min |
de Faria, 2016 [21] | medical students/Brazil | 28/28 | neuroanatomy | 3D interactive models | 2D images | 60 min |
Ellington, 2018 [22] | residents/UK | 16/15 | female pelvic anatomy | VR | power point | 2 weeks |
Hampton, 2010 [23] | medical students 3, 4 year /USA | 21/22 | female pelvic anatomy | 3D interactive models | dissection and textbooks | 60 min |
Keedy, 2011 [24] | medical students 1, 4 year/USA | 23/23 | anatomy of the liver | 3D interactive models | 2D images | 1 day |
Khot, 2013 [25] | medical students/Canada | 20/20 | pelvic anatomy | VR | power point | 10 min |
Kockro, 2015 [26] | medical students/Germany | 89/80 | spatial neuroanatomy | 3D interactive models | power point | 20 min |
Moro, 2017 [27] | medical students/Australia | 20/22 | skull anatomy | VR | 3D models | 10 min |
Nicholson, 2004 [28] | medical students 1 year /USA | 29/28 | ear anatomy | 3D interactive models | text books | 2 day |
Seixas, 2010 [29] | surgical trainees/USA | 5/5 | human anatomy | VR | 2D images | 1 day |
Solyar, 2008 [30] | medical student/USA | 7/8 | paranasal sinuses | VR | textbooks | 60 min |
Stepan, 2017 [31] | medical students 1,2 year /USA | 33/33 | neuroanatomy | VR | text books | 1 day |
Tan, 2012 [32] | residents/ Canada | 21/19 | laryngeal anatomy | 3D interactive models | text books | 45 min |
Zachary, 2015 [33] | medical students/USA | 41/32 | neuroanatomy | 3D interactive models | 2D images and 3D models | 65 min |