Table 5 Recognition of the normal ECG and abnormal rhythms and waveforms

 Normal ECG

Second

5

 Sinus rhythm

First

5

Sinus pauses

4

 Sinus arrhythmia

First

5

Sino-atrial (SA) exit block

2

 Sinus tachycardia

First

5

 Sinus bradycardia

First

5

 Sinus arrest

Third

4

 Premature atrial complex (PAC)

First

4

Ectopic atrial tachycardia

2

 Atrial fibrillation (AF)

First

5

Multifocal atrial tachycardia

2

 Atrial flutter

First

5

Atrial flutter with fixed block

4

Atrial flutter with variable block

4

Premature junctional complex (PJC)

2

Junctional escape rhythm

4

Atrioventricular junctional re-entrant tachycardia (AVJRT)

2

Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT)

2

Atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia (AVRT)

2

 Premature ventricular complex (PVC)

First

4

Capture beat

2

 Ventricular escape rhythm

First

4

Fusion beat

2

 Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (MMVT)

First

5

 Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PMVT)

First

5

 Torsades de pointes (TdP)

First

5

 Ventricular fibrillation (VF)

First

5

 Ventricularly paced rhythm

Second

4

 Complete left bundle branch block (LBBB)

First

5

Left anterior fascicular block (LAFB)

2

 Complete right bundle branch block (RBBB)

First

5

Left posterior fascicular block (LPFB)

2

 First degree AV block

First

5

Bifascicular block

2

 Mobitz type I second degree AV block (Wenckebach)

First

5

Non-specific intraventricular conduction delay

2

 Mobitz type II second degree AV block

First

5

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with bundle branch block

4

 2:1 AV block

First

5

AF with bundle branch block

4

 Third degree AV block (Complete heart block)

First

5

AF with pre-excitation (WPW)

2

 Pre-excitation / Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) pattern

Third

4

 Left atrial enlargement

First

4

 Right atrial enlargement

Second

4

 Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)

First

5

 Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH)

First

5

 Transmural ischaemia (ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction, STEMI)

First

5

Wellens’ syndrome

2

 Subendocardial ischaemia (Non-ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction, NSTEMI)

First

5

De Winter’s syndrome

2

 Right ventricular (RV) infarct

Second

4

Left main coronary artery insufficiency

4

 Posterior infarct

Second

4

Pseudo-infarction patterns

4

 Different phases of a myocardial infarction

Second

4

STEMI in the presence of a LBBB

4

 Able to localise myocardial infarcts

First

4

STEMI in the presence of a paced rhythm

2

Differentiate early repolarisation from ischemic changes

4

 Long QT syndrome

First

4

Short QT syndrome

2

 Repolarisation changes (strain) secondary to LVH

Second

4

 Repolarisation changes (strain) secondary to RVH

Third

4