Gender differences in the effect of medical humanities program on medical students’ empathy: a prospective longitudinal study

Table 2 Comparisons between pre-clinical and end of the fourth-year JSPE-S scores according to demographic and baseline characteristics

	Preclinical	End 4th year	t	df	p	*Cohen’s d*
All students	114.40 ± 11.32	112.75 ± 14.19	2.14	226	0.034	0.13
*Gender*
Men	114.54 ± 11.33	112.13 ± 13.99	2.33	129	0.021	0.19
Women	114.11 ± 11.38	113.78 ± 14.42	0.29	95	0.769	0.03
*Marital status*
Single	114.63 ± 11.08	113.26 ± 14.17	1.52	168	0.130	0.11
Married	114.02 ± 12.23	112.43 ± 13.97	1.09	53	0.282	0.12
*Ethnicity*
Jew	114.39 ± 11.53	112.94 ± 13.97	1.76	193	0.079	0.11
Arab	114.65 ± 10.31	113.29 ± 14.91	0.58	24	0.565	0.10
*Religiosity*
Secular	113.55 ± 12.14	112.44 ± 13.53	1.08	118	0.282	0.09
Traditional	115.50 ± 10.13	112.52 ± 17.36	1.26	30	0.218	0.19
Religious	115.23 ± 10.95	115.00 ± 11.93	0.21	64	0.837	0.02
*Admission system*
Personal Interview	112.91 ± 12.35	110.98 ± 14.54	1.59	81	0.115	0.18
Multiple mini Interviews	115.24 ± 10.64	113.75 ± 13.94	1.49	144	0.137	0.12
*Residency preferences*
Surgical residency	113.87 ± 11.41	108.96 ± 17.04	2.02	38	0.050	0.33
Non- surgical residencies	114.50 ± 11.26	113.77 ± 13.39	0.92	178	0.359	0.06

ISSN: 1472-6920