Table 3 Clinical reasoning framework (adapted from Linn et al., 2012) [34]

1. Demonstration and deconstruction

The clinical tutor demonstrates a patient interaction at normal speed. The tutor then clearly explains their thinking and reasoning to the student.

2. Comprehension

The student actively tracks the consultation, outlining the clinical reasoning process being demonstrated. The teacher pauses to allow the student to explain what they understand is happening.

3. Performance

The student performs the history taking and physical examination, and suggests investigations. The student explains their reasoning to the tutor as they proceed, and the tutor offers clarity throughout the process.