Table 2 Thematic map on core elements of PBL

Small group learning

work in small group [28]

group members comprehend the problems and communicate it in the group [35]

leaders with group-leadership skills [33]

students placed in small groups to solve problems [37]

provide students with an opportunity to develop group-based working skills [38]

Problem-solving

encounter the problem-solving situation [28]

think logically in a organized manner [36]

use of evidence based strategies [34]

problems being identified by participants or consulting clinician [33]

Active learning

they need to identify the problems and try to understand it [28]

they need to identify learning needs [33]

Investigated a specific clinical problem or task [33]

inspire and motivate to seek the answer [30]

Self-study [29]

Problems in context

adopt clinical case scenarios [34]

apply practice into theories [34]

use case scenarios [39]

topics relevant to real context [33]

Community-focused simulation exercises [40]

Learning in context [30]

Tutoring

Tutoring-oriented strategies [34]

intensive tutoring strategies [34]

use small group tutorials [34]

use a tutor to facilitate and guide [31, 38]

complex problem solving tutorial [38]

Group facilitation [32]

Reflection

Use reflective writing [34]

reflective on practice problem [33]

Technology

use digital media [39]

use educational technologies [41]