Table 2 DREEM and happiness scores by demographic characteristics (univariate analysis)

All participants Mean (SD)

2.18 (0.52)

2.59 (0.49)

2.37 (0.71)

2.31 (0.49)

2.31 (0.51)

2.34 (0.44)

6.61 (1.99)

Age

Correlation^a)

0.224

0.195

0.332

0.092

0.042

0.226

−0.003

p-value

0.001

0.003

< 0.001

0.17

0.529

< 0.001

0.97

Gender

Mean (SD)

Male

2.18 (0.51)

2.58 (0.49)

2.33 (0.61)

2.37 (0.50)

2.35 (0.46)

2.35 (0.43)

6.71 (2.03)

Female

2.17 (0.49)

2.63 (0.49)

2.37 (0.52)

2.24 (0.46)

2.26 (0.58)

2.33 (0.41)

6.61 (1.90)

p-value^b)

0.912

0.439

0.627

0.066

0.26

0.67

0.71

Phase

Mean (SD)

1

2.08 (0.57)

2.52 (0.54)

2.07 (0.58)

2.28 (0.50)

2.31 (0.52)

2.24 (0.45)

6.68 (2.14)

2

2.19 (0.51)

2.64 (0.50)

2.45 (0.89)

2.30 (0.52)

2.24 (0.54)

2.35 (0.46)

6.33 (2.06)

3

2.30 (0.42)

2.63 (0.41)

2.66 (0.43)

2.37 (0.45)

2.38 (0.46)

2.46 (0.36)

6.83 (1.65)

F(p-value) ^c)

3.599 (0.029)

1.579 (0.208)

16.723 (< 0.001)

0.739 (0.479)

1.432 (0.241)

5.087 (0.007)

1.233 (0.293)

Post-hoc ^c)

1 < 3

1 < 2,3

1 < 3

Eta-squared

0.030

0.124

0.041

Previous Year GPA

Correlation ^a)

0.095

0.054

0.216

0.163

0.167

0.167

0.197

p-value

0.209

0.477

0.004

0.031

0.027

0.027

0.010