Fig. 5

Questionnaires about time on task during the self-study phases. Results of the preparation time in self-study phase 1 and 2 for the students in the basic, individual and collaborative groups. a In self-study phase 1, more students in the individual group learned longer than the students in the basic group (z (U) = 2.65, p = 0.008). More students in the collaborative group learned longer compared to the students in the basic group (z (U) = 2.96, p = 0.003). The preparation time of the students in the individual and the collaborative groups did not differ (z (U) = 0.58, p = 0.561). b In self-study phase 2, the preparation time of the students in the basic and individual groups did not differ (z (U) = 0.89, p = 0.374). In contrast, more students in the collaborative group learned longer compared to the students in the basic (z (U) = 3.30, p = 0.001) and the individual groups (z (U) = 3.17, p = 0.002). n, number of individual students. Analyses were carried out with Kruskal-Wallis H tests, Mann-Whitney U Tests were used for post hoc single comparisons