Table 3 a) Displays the mean rankings for First- Middle- and Senior- leaders, as well as across gender, for the six leadership styles. Within groups, leadership styles represented with an asterisk were found to be significantly more used (p < .05) than bolded leadership styles

Visionary

Coaching

Affiliative

Democratic

Pace-setting

Commanding

 First level leaders

2.93

2.61

3.61

1.86 *

4.49

5.41

 Mid-level leaders

3.06

1.63*

3.63

2.63

4.56

5.50

 Senior leaders

2.67

2.678

3.0

2.33*

4.75

5.58

 Women

 (mean rank)

2.20

2.50

4.0

1.90*

4.90

5.50

 Men

 (mean rank)

3.35

1.77*

3.15

2.69

4.50

5.54

 Participant

Visionary

(most commonly used)

Coaching

Affiliative

Democratic

(most commonly used)

Pace-setting

(when required)

Commanding

(when required)

  1

yes

x

x

yes

yes

yes

  2

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

  3

yes

x

x

yes

yes

yes

  4

yes

x

x

yes

yes

yes

  5

yes

yes

x

yes

yes

yes

  6

yes

x

x

yes

yes

yes

  7

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

  8

yes

x

yes

yes

yes

yes