Table 1 Parameters of the endourological simulator
From: Ureteroscopy and cystoscopy training: comparison between transparent and non-transparent simulators
Shape and physiological parameters | |
|---|---|
Kidneys | Bean-shaped, the superior pole is broader and thinner, the anterior surface is more convex; 12 cm in length, 7 cm in width, 3 cm in the anteroposterior dimension, 1 cm in thickness for renal parenchyma; 7 papillae, 7 minor calyces, 3 major calyces and 1 renal pelvis. |
Ureters | 27 cm (length), 7 mm (diameter), and 2.5 mm (thickness of the ureter wall) and 5 cm (distance of ureteral openings in bladder). |
Bladder | Pyramid-like shape, the BWT (bladder wall thickness): 5 mm, the bladder volume: 300 mL, the intravesical height, depth and width: 5.5 cm, 10 cm and 9 cm, respectively. |
Prostate | Conical in shape, wider at the top and tapering towards the base, 4 cm transversely at the base, 2 cm in its anteroposterior and 3 cm in its vertical diameter. |
Male urethra | A double curve was set, the posterior urethra: 5 cm in length, the anterior urethra: 15 cm in length, the mean diameter: 9 mm, the thickness of its wall: 5 mm, the distance between the penis neck and the external urethral orifice: 1.5 cm, the thickness of glans wall: 7 mm. |
Female urethra | 4 cm in length and 9 mm in diameter. |