Table 4 Differences between learning variables and outcomes among different motivational profiles [MANCOVA]

Intrinsic motivation (n = 844, scale score = 1-7)

5.70_a (0.41)

5.07_b (0.36)

4.63_c (0.39)

3.85_d (0.45)

452.72***

0.694 (69.4%)

Controlled motivation (n = 844, scale score = 1-7)

4.96_a (0.74)

2.90_b (0.69)

4.64_c (0.57)

2.82_b (0.88)

352.77***

0.639 (63.9%)

Deep strategy (n = 709, scale score = 1-5)

3.10_a (0.55)

2.93_b (0.62)

2.64_c (0.58)

2.40_d (0.65)

31.64 ***

0.137 (13.7%)

Surface strategy (n = 709, scale score = 1-5)

2.39_a (0.62)

2.14_b (0.52)

2.50_a (0.57)

2.37_a (0.59)

11.48 ***

0.054 (5.4%)

Self -study hours (n = 796)

14.16_a,b (7.67)

14.65_a (7.69)

12.77_b (6.31)

13.20_a,b (6.61)

3.05**

0.015 (1.5%)

ECs (n = 780)

21.39_a (8.15)

19.84_a (8.77)

20.95_a (8.07)

20.23_a (7.96)

1.126

0.004 (0.4%)

GPA (n = 780)

7.41_a (0.93)

7.62_a,b (0.76)

7.20_c (0.93)

7.35_a,c (0.86)

5.78***

0.028 (2.8%)

Exhaustion from study (n = 844, scale score = 0-6)

1.91_a (1.03)

1.83_a,b (0.99)

2.14_a,c (1.03)

2.29_c (1.06)

5.04**

0.025 (2.5%)